Table 1.
Summary of strategies aimed at improving the neonatal immune response.
| Strategy | Proposed mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Granulocyte transfusions | Addition of functional granulocytes | (44) |
| GM-CSF, G-CSF | Stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and functional activity of myeloid precursors | (45, 46) |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | Increase antibody titer and potential antigen–antibody interactions | (47–50) |
| Activated protein C | Anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulant properties | (51, 52) |
| Glutamine | Enhance function of immune cells | (53, 54) |
| Pentoxifylline | Inhibit release of TNFα | (55) |
| Anti-endotoxin antibodies | Inhibit deleterious effects of endotoxins | (56) |
| Probiotics | Maintain integrity of the intestinal barrier function | (57) |
| Breast milk | Provides immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, oligosaccharides | (58) |
| Anti-IL17A, anti-IL17A receptor antibodies | Inhibit pathological proinflammatory effects of IL-18 | (59) |
| Toll-like receptor agonists | Augment innate immunity | (15) |
| Topical emollient | Protect against skin breakdown, prevent pathogens entry | (60) |
| Lactoferrin | Iron sequestration, disruption of microbial cell membranes | (61) |
| FFP | Provides humoral immune factors | (62) |
GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; IL, interleukin; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha.