Table 3.
Application of nondrug methods in AF.
| Name | Methods of study | Result | Effect on the four principles of AF |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acupuncture | Clinical research (paroxysmal AF and atrial flutter patients) | Increasing the rate of cardioversion [62], lowering the duration of conversion time [62, 63] | Rhythm control |
| Clinical research (paroxysmal and persistent AF patients) | Decreasing recurrences of persistent AF after cardioversion [63, 64] | Rhythm control | |
|
| |||
| Qigong (including Baduanjin) | Clinical research | Improving physical rehabilitation of AF [67] | / |
| Clinical research | Reversing adverse left ventricular remodeling [71] | Management of risk factors | |
| Clinical research | Promoting multisystem or organ functions, increasing immunity, making bodies relax, and improving mood and confidence of elderly populations [68] | Management risk factors | |
| Clinical research | Lowering blood pressure [69] | Management of primary disease | |
| Clinical research | Modulating the blood lipid metabolism [70] | Management of primary disease | |
| Clinical research | Antioxidant activity and reducing oxidative stress [72] | Management of risk factors | |
|
| |||
| Tai Chi Chuan | Clinical research | Improvement of cardiorespiratory function [74] | Management of risk factors |
| Clinical research | Reducing CVD risk factors [75] | Management of risk factors | |
| A meta-analysis | Lowering blood triglyceride level [76] | Management of primary disease | |
| A literature search | Improvement in mental health [77] | Management of risk factors | |