Table 1.
Characteristics of men and women interviewed about acceptability of male involvement in antenatal care.
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 300) | Men (n = 150) |
Women (n = 150) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, n (%) | ||||
| 18–24 | 52 (17.3) | 9 (6.0) | 43 (28.7) | <0.01 |
| 25–34 | 132 (44.0) | 49 (32.7) | 83 (55.3) | |
| 35 and over | 116 (38.7) | 92 (61.3) | 24 (16.0) | |
|
| ||||
| Employment, n (%) | 166 (55.3) | 107 (71.3) | 59 (39.3) | <0.01 |
|
| ||||
| Median monthly income, USD [IQR]∗ | 294 [245–392] | 343 [245–441] | 275 [216–343] | <0.01 |
|
| ||||
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| None | 4 (1.3) | 4 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | <0.01 |
| Primary school | 72 (24.0) | 52 (34.7) | 20 (13.3) | |
| Secondary school | 132 (44.0) | 63 (42.0) | 69 (46.0) | |
| Matriculated secondary/tertiary | 02 (30.7) | 31 (20.6) | 61 (40.7) | |
|
| ||||
| Country of origin, n (%) | ||||
| South Africa | 171 (57.0) | 81 (54.0) | 90 (60.0) | 0.10 |
| Zimbabwe | 86 (28.7) | 41 (27.3) | 45 (30.0) | |
| Other | 43 (14.3) | 28 (18.7) | 15 (10.0) | |
|
| ||||
| Number of living children, n (%) | ||||
| None | 53 (17.7) | 15 (10.0) | 38 (25.3) | <0.01 |
| One | 98 (32.7) | 36 (24.0) | 62 (41.3) | |
| Two or more | 149 (49.6) | 99 (66.0) | 50 (33.4) | |
|
| ||||
| HIV status, n (%) | ||||
| HIV positive | 150 (50.0) | 75 (50.0) | 75 (50.0) | <0.01 |
| HIV negative | 16 (38.7) | 50 (33.3) | 66 (44.0) | |
| Unknown | 34 (11.3) | 25 (16.7) | 9 (6.0) | |
|
| ||||
| Currently in a relationship, n (%) | 277 (92.3) | 131 (87.3) | 146 (97.3) | <0.01 |
|
| ||||
| Median age of partner, years [IQR]†, ‡ | 32 [28–37] | 32 [26–37] | 32 [28–36] | 0.84 |
|
| ||||
| Mean years in relationship with main partner, [IQR]† | 6 [3–11] | 7 [5–15] | 5 [2–8] | <0.01 |
|
| ||||
| Male partner attended antenatal care during current pregnancy, n (%) | — | — | 21 (14.4) | — |
|
| ||||
| Attended antenatal care with a female partner in the past, n (%)§ | — | 29 (19.7) | — | — |
|
| ||||
| Disclosed HIV status to most recent partner, n (%)§,¶ | 120 (81.6) | 62 (84.9) | 58 (78.4) | 0.40 |
|
| ||||
| Want male partners to attend/perceive that female partners would want them to attend ||,∗∗ | 275 (93.5%) | 142 (95.3%) | 133 (91.7) | 0.24 |
|
| ||||
| Willing to distribute/respond to ANC invitation letter, n (%)†† | ||||
| Yes | 283 (95.9) | 145 (96.6) | 138 (95.2) | 0.01 |
| No | 8 (2.7) | 1 (0.7) | 7 (4.8) | |
| Not sure | 4 (1.4) | 4 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
p values comparing distributions and medians were estimated using Fisher's exact tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, respectively. ∗Among those employed (n = 166); †among those in a relationship (n = 277); ‡missing for n = 1; §missing for n = 3; ¶among those living with HIV; ||among women in relationships; ∗∗missing for n = 1 man and n = 1 woman; ††missing for n = 5.