Table 2.
Characteristics of men's attendance and women's invitation of men to antenatal care (n = 294).
| Men (n = 147) | Women (n = 147) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | History of attending ANC (n = 29) | Never attended ANC (n = 118) | p value | Women who invited partner to ANC (n = 96) |
Women who had not invited partner to ANC (n = 51) | p value |
| Age in years, n (%) | ||||||
| 18–24 | 3 (10.3) | 6 (5.1) | 0.45 | 23 (24.0) | 19 (37.3) | 0.16 |
| 25–34 | 10 (34.5) | 36 (30.5) | 58 (60.4) | 23 (45.1) | ||
| 35 and over | 16 (55.2) | 76 (64.4) | 15 (15.6) | 9 (17.6) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Education, n (%) | ||||||
| None/primary | 12 (41.4) | 43 (36.4) | 0.03 | 16 (16.7) | 4 (7.8) | 0.10 |
| Secondary | 7 (24.1) | 56 (47.5) | 38 (39.6) | 29 (56.9) | ||
| Matriculated secondary/tertiary | 10 (34.5) | 19 (16.1) | 42 (43.7) | 18 (35.3) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Country of origin, n (%) | ||||||
| South Africa | 16 (55.2) | 63 (53.4) | 0.52 | 56 (58.3) | 32 (62.7) | 0.50 |
| Zimbabwe | 6 (20.7) | 35 (29.7) | 28 (29.2) | 16 (31.4) | ||
| Other | 7 (24.1) | 20 (16.9) | 12 (12.5) | 3 (5.9) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Number of living children, n (%)∗ | ||||||
| None | — | — | 0.48 | 24 (25.0) | 13 (25.5) | 0.82 |
| One | 6 (20.7) | 29 (28.2) | 39 (40.6) | 23 (45.1) | ||
| Two or more | 23 (79.3) | 74 (71.8) | 33 (34.4) | 15 (29.4) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Talk to partner about HIV, n (%)†,‡ | ||||||
| Yes | 26 (92.0) | 89 (89.0) | 0.73 | 87 (93.5) | 38 (84.4) | 0.12 |
| No | 2 (7.1) | 11 (11.0) | 6 (6.5) | 7 (15.6) | ||
|
| ||||||
| HIV status, n (%) | ||||||
| HIV positive | 12 (41.4) | 63 (53.4) | 0.30 | 50 (52.1) | 24 (47.1) | 0.61 |
| HIV negative/unknown | 17 (58.6) | 55 (46.6) | 46 (47.9) | 27 (52.9) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Disclosed HIV status to most recent partner, n (%)§,¶ | ||||||
| Yes | 12 (100.0) | 50 (82.0) | 0.19 | 41 (83.7) | 16 (66.7) | 0.13 |
| No | 0 (0.0) | 11 (18.0) | 8 (16.3) | 8 (33.3) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Relationship duration with partner, n (%)† | ||||||
| <2 years | 1 (3.6) | 8 (8.0) | 0.68 | 15 (15.6) | 10 (21.3) | 0.48 |
| ≥2 years | 27 (96.4) | 92 (92.0) | 81 (84.4) | 37 (78.7) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Pregnant at time of HIV diagnosis||,∗∗ | — | — | — | |||
| Yes | — | — | — | — | 13 (54.2) | <0.01 |
| No | — | — | — | — | 11 (45.8) | |
|
| ||||||
| Level of financial support from partner†,∗∗ | — | — | — | |||
| None/some | — | — | — | 34 (36.2) | 21 (44.7) | 0.36 |
| A lot of support | — | — | — | 60 (63.8) | 26 (55.3) | |
|
| ||||||
| Level of emotional support from partner†, †† | — | — | — | |||
| None/some | — | — | — | 42 (45.2) | 23 (48.9) | 0.72 |
| A lot of support | — | — | — | 51 (54.8) | 24 (51.1) | |
p values were estimated using Fisher's exact tests. Invitation data were missing for 3 men (n = 147) and 3 women (n = 147). ∗Among men with living children (n = 132). †Among those in relationships: men, n = 128; women, n = 143 in relationships; ‡missing for n = 5/143 women in relationships; §among those in relationships and known to be living with HIV: men, n = 73; women, n = 74; ¶missing for n = 1 woman; ||among women living with HIV, n = 75; ∗∗missing for n = 2; ††missing for n = 3.