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. 2017 Feb 7;7:42048. doi: 10.1038/srep42048

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The observed negative logarithms of the p values in GWAS using the gene-based method and the single-marker method for two traits are plotted against their expected values under the null hypothesis of no association with the trait. Panels A and B show the plots for bone weight and pH value, respectively, in the single-marker analysis. Panels C and D show the plots for bone weight and pH value, respectively, in the gene-based association analysis.