Figure 5. Reduction of superoxide (O₂⁻) and H₂O₂ in astrocytes treated with Angiostrongylus cantonensis excretory-secretory products (ESP) via activation of the Sonic hedgehog singlling pathway.

Astrocytes were pre-treated for 2 h with a recombinant murine Sonic hedgehog peptide (Shh) (3 μg) or cyclopamine (20 μM) and co-cultured with ESP (500 μg/ml) for 4 h. (a) The expression of superoxide was detected by dihydroethidium staining (excitation 535 nm, emission 610 nm). (b) The expression of H₂O₂ in astrocytes was detected by the H2DCFDA assay. Data are expressed as the means ± SD from three independent experiments (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01).