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. 2017 Feb 7;7:42126. doi: 10.1038/srep42126

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

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We propose a mechanism of tumor cell killing by diiodo-squaraine -PDT. Upon PDT, diiodo-squaraine induces oxidative stress to the cells. Prolonged oxidative stress induces unfold protein response and Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress followed by loss of Mitochondrial membrane potential. On the other hand, induction of ROS can induce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase activation leads to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. ROS induced by PDT also induces cell redox homeostasis which may protect the cells from oxidative damage and possibly induce PDT resistance. We observed changes in actin dynamics which was caused by either, via direct oxidative damage of actin cytoskeleton or indirectly via caspase cascade.