Table 4.
Comorbidities associated with ≥2 exacerbations/year versus <2 exacerbations/year in COPD patients, corrected for age and sex (multivariable results), sorted by p-value
| Odds ratio (95%CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|
| Comorbid conditionsa, b | ||
| Heart failure | 1 · 72 (1 · 38–2 · 14) | <0 · 001 |
| Blindness & low vision | 1 · 46 (1 · 21–1 · 75) | <0 · 001 |
| Pulmonary cancer | 1 · 85 (1 · 28–2 · 67) | 0 · 002 |
| Depression | 1 · 48 (1 · 14–1 · 91) | 0 · 003 |
| Prostate disorders | 1 · 50 (1 · 13–1 · 98) | 0 · 004 |
| Asthma | 1 · 36 (1 · 11–1 · 70) | 0 · 004 |
| Osteoporosis/osteopenia | 1 · 41 (1 · 11–1 · 80) | 0 · 006 |
| Diabetes | 0 · 80 (0 · 66–0 · 97) | 0 · 020 |
| Dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux | 1 · 25 (1 · 03–1 · 50) | 0 · 023 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 · 20 (1 · 00–1 · 45) | 0 · 049 |
| Comorbidity categoriesb,c | ||
| Respiratory (excl. pulmonary cancer) | 1 · 37 (1 · 15–1 · 64) | <0 · 001 |
| Psychiatric | 1 · 35 (1 · 13–1 · 60) | <0 · 001 |
| Urogenital (male and female) | 1 · 34 (1 · 12–1 · 60) | <0 · 001 |
| Eye and ear | 1 · 25 (1 · 06–1 · 47) | 0 · 007 |
| Endocrine, metabolic and feeding | 0 · 85 (0 · 73–0 · 99) | 0 · 032 |
| Cardiovascular | 1 · 17 (1 · 01–1 · 36) | 0 · 037 |
OR odds ratio
aAll chronic comorbidities with prevalence ≥5% and cardiopulmonary comorbidities were included in the multivariable logistic regression model
bReference category was ‘comorbidity not diagnosed before study period’ (i.e., 1 January 2012)
cAll ICPC comorbidity categories were included in the multivariate logistic regression mode