Table 2.
Selected studies describing the effects of parasites on element levels in infected hosts compared to uninfected conspecifics
| Habitat | Parasite taxa | Host | Element levels in infected vs uninfected hosts | Element | Study type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthocephala | ||||||
| limnetic | Pomphorhynchus laevis | Squalius cephalus | decrease | Pb | experimental | [11] |
| Squalius cephalus | decrease | Pb | experimental | [45] | ||
| Squalius cephalus | decrease | Cd, Cu, Pb | field | [157] | ||
| limnetic | Acanthocephalus anguillae | Squalius cephalus | decrease | Cd, Cu, Pb | field | [157] |
| limnetic | Polymorphus minutus | Gammarus roeseli | decrease | Cd | experimental | [87] |
| limnetic | Acanthocephalus lucii | Perca fluviatilis | decrease | Cr, Mn | field | [162] |
| limnetic | Acanthogyrus sp. | Oreochromis niloticus | decrease | Pb | field | [164] |
| Cestoda | ||||||
| limnetic | Bothriocephalus acheilognathi | Cyclops strenuus | decrease | Cd | experimental | [115] |
| limnetic | Bathybothrium rectangulum | Barbus barbus | decrease | Cr, Ni, Pb | field | [167] |
| limnetic | Ligula intestinalis | Alburnus alburnus | decrease | Cu, Zn | field | [43] |
| Rastrineobola argentea | decrease | Cu | field | [46] | ||
| Rastrineobola argentea | increase | Cd, Cr, Zn | field | [46] | ||
| limnetic | Proteocephalus macrocephalus | Anguilla anguilla | decrease | Cr, Ni | field | [184] |
| limnetic | Proteocephalus percae | Perca fluviatilis | decrease | As, Cd | field | [44] |
| limnetic | Proteocephalus percae | Perca fluviatilis | decrease | Pb | field | [162] |
| limnetic | Proteocephalus percae | Perca fluviatilis | decrease | Cr, Mn | field | [162] |
| marine | Clestobothrium crassiceps | Merluccius merluccius | decrease | As, Cd, Hg, Pb | field | [170] |
| terrestrial | Mesocestoides spp. | Vulpes vulpes | decrease | Pb | field | [178] |
| terrestrial | Mesocestoides spp. | Vulpes vulpes | increase | Cu, Mn | field | [178] |
| terrestrial | Moniezia expansa | Ovis aries | decrease | Pb | experimental | [179] |
| terrestrial | Hymenolepis diminuta | Rattus norvegicus | decrease | Cd, Zn | experimental | [202] |
| terrestrial | Unidentified cestodes | Sterna paradisaea | decrease | Bi | field | [203] |
| Nematoda | ||||||
| terrestrial | Toxascaris leonina | Vulpes vulpes | decrease | Pb | field | [178] |
| limnetic | Raphidascaris acus | Oncorhynchus mykiss | decrease | Se | experimental | [204] |
| estuarine | Eustrongylides sp. | Fundulus heteroclitus | decrease | Hg | field | [205] |
| Digenea | ||||||
| limnetic | Different digeneans | Littorina littorea | decrease | Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb | field | [206] |
| Isopoda | ||||||
| estuarine | Probopyrus pandalicola | Palaemonetes pugio | decrease | Hg | field | [205] |