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. 2016 Dec 23;8(1):4. doi: 10.3390/genes8010004

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic outline highlighting the complex regulation of BMP-2-induced osteoblastogenesis. BMP-2 binding to the BMP-2 Receptor (BMPR) activates the canonical BMP signaling pathway that regulates osteoblastic differentiation. Our present results suggest that BMP-2 downregulates the expression of miR-203 and miR-320b, in turn upregulating the transcription factor Dlx5 (Distal-less Homeobox 5). Dlx5 up regulation activates both the transcription factors Runx2 and Osx, promoting osteoblast differentiation. This in turn results in the upregulation of genes important for bone formation and calcification, e.g., collagen type I (COL1A1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Osteopontin (OPN) and osteonectin (ON).