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. 2017 Jan 18;8(1):39. doi: 10.3390/genes8010039

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© 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The transmission and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and virulence can be divided into adaptive resistance, innate resistance, and acquired resistance. Environmental factors can prompt physiological changes and lead to: (1) elevated mutation rates; (2) changes in metabolic genes and regulatory processes; and (3) a host of classic antibiotic inactivation and resistance mechanisms (classic determinants). Such resistance and increased virulence can potentially be shared among bacteria leading to acquired resistance.