. 2016 Dec 29;9(1):10. doi: 10.3390/nu9010010

Table 2.

Plasma non-proteinogenic AA and AA derivatives concentrations during the periparturient period in cows supplemented with or without rumen-protected MET and CHOL.

	MET		CHOL			Day				p-Value ²
Parameter (µM)	Without	With	Without	With	SEM ¹	−10	4	14	28	MET ³	CHOL ⁴	Time	M × T ⁵	C × T ⁶
AA and derivatives ^#
1-methyl histidine	15.36	16.56	16.79	15.15	0.57	12.82 ^c	12.58 ^c	18.38 ^b	21.85 ^a	0.12	0.04	<0.01	0.36	0.50
3-methyl histidine	6.44	6.48	6.97	5.99	0.29	5.21 ^c	11.00 ^a	6.91 ^b	4.40 ^d	0.92	0.02	<0.01	0.12	0.75
α-aminoadipic acid	7.37	8.15	8.03	7.48	0.36	6.09 ^d	6.99 ^c	8.65 ^b	9.81 ^a	0.12	0.27	<0.01	0.91	0.30
α-aminobutyric acid	15.64	19.78	18.13	17.07	0.81	8.94 ^c	23.60 ^a	22.77 ^a	19.93 ^b	<0.01	0.32	<0.01	0.61	0.44
β-alanine	9.06	8.87	8.81	9.11	0.32	8.97	8.69	9.24	8.94	0.68	0.50	0.54	0.96	0.92
γ-aminobutyric acid	2.42	3.49	2.46	3.45	0.29	1.88 ^b	3.08 ^a	3.44 ^a	3.41 ^a	0.01	0.02	<0.01	0.27	0.75
Carnosine *	15.88	19.92	16.60	19.07	1.29	16.74 ^c	14.20 ^d	18.71 ^b	22.51 ^a	0.02	0.14	<0.01	0.30	0.02
Citrulline	71.19	83.47	79.08	75.14	2.92	69.61 ^c	63.69 ^c	82.86 ^b	96.11 ^a	<0.01	0.30	<0.01	0.99	0.60
Glutathione	4.68	4.73	4.84	4.57	0.27	4.60 ^b	6.11 ^a	4.35 ^bc	3.76 ^c	0.89	0.50	<0.01	0.50	0.74
Hydroxylysine	0.32	0.28	0.30	0.29	0.04	0.33	0.29	0.33	0.25	0.37	0.79	0.21	0.61	0.70
Hydroxyproline	15.19	15.36	15.42	15.13	0.48	12.80 ^c	18.10 ^a	16.31 ^b	13.89 ^c	0.81	0.67	<0.01	0.94	0.12
Ornithine	29.14	32.00	30.48	30.60	1.35	39.37 ^a	22.11 ^d	30.04 ^c	33.25 ^b	0.13	0.95	<0.01	0.12	0.45
Phosphoserine	6.22	6.18	6.07	6.33	0.18	5.53 ^c	5.91 ^bc	6.72 ^ab	6.74 ^a	0.88	0.30	<0.01	0.71	0.91
Sarcosine	10.65	11.43	11.50	10.58	0.56	8.32 ^b	11.31 ^a	12.03 ^a	12.50 ^a	0.33	0.27	<0.01	0.76	0.37
Urea	4121.63	4442.94	4323.55	4235.16	123.89	4104.53 ^bc	4317.26 ^b	4036.81 ^c	4687.49 ^a	0.07	0.60	<0.01	0.55	0.62
Sulfur-containing compounds
Cystathionine	1.60	2.12	1.84	1.89	0.07	2.30	1.51	1.71	1.92	<0.01	0.61	<0.01	0.08	0.36
Cystine	7.56	9.58	7.65	9.48	34.5	11.20 ^a	6.41 ^d	7.73 ^c	8.92 ^b	<0.01	0.02	<0.01	0.01	0.17
Homocystine	4.17	5.10	4.52	4.70	0.30	4.80 ^a	3.99 ^b	4.80 ^a	4.92 ^a	0.02	0.65	0.01	0.69	0.28
Taurine	33.23	47.04	39.43	40.84	1.28	34.51	40.49	40.06	45.48	<0.01	0.44	<0.01	0.16	0.92
TSC ⁷	70.65	97.37	82.47	85.95	1.93	80.52	84.03	83.93	87.57	<0.01	0.44	0.08	0.07	0.48
Met%TSC	28.44	31.4	31.09	28.74	0.72	29.65 ^b	32.35 ^ab	31.15 ^b	26.51 ^c	0.01	0.03	<0.01	0.74	0.24

* Significant (p < 0.05) parity effect observed. Labeled means in a row without a common superscript letter differ (p < 0.05). ^# β-aminobutyric acid undetectable; ¹ Greatest SEM; ² MET × CHOL interaction was included in the supplemental file; ³ Overall effect of MET supplementation; ⁴ Overall effect of CHOL supplementation; ⁵ Interaction of MET × time; ⁶ Interaction of CHOL × time; ⁷ Total sulfur-containing AAs and derivatives (methionine, cystathionine, cystine, homocysteine, and taurine).