Table 3.

Mean values prior to (visit 3) and unadjusted changes in cardiometabolic outcomes and plasma alkylresorcinols during the dietary intervention phase (visit 4–visit 3) in the whole-grain (WG) and refined-grain (RG) groups (mean values with standard deviations (SD)).

	RG Group (n 88)				WG Group (n 81)
	At Visit 3		Δ Visit 4–Visit 3		At Visit 3		Δ Visit 4–Visit 3
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	111.2	10.0	0.2	10.0	109.8	10.2	1.0	9.3
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	71.1	7.4	−1.2	7.6	71.0	8.3	0.0	8.5
Glucose (mmol/L)	4.78	0.41	−0.05	0.35	4.79	0.39	−0.07	0.49
Insulin (pmol/L)	61.1	36.8	−1.8	32.0	55.9	29.5	1.8	28.4
Glycated haemoglobin, HbA1C (%)	5.34	0.29	0.02	0.20	5.29	0.31	0.04	0.17
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.39	0.79	0.47	0.57	4.62	0.88	0.42	0.74
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.72	0.69	0.21	0.46	2.90	0.79	0.19	0.60
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.29	0.29	0.22	0.21	1.29	0.26	0.18	0.23
Total triacylglycerol (mmol/L)	0.86	0.36	0.08	0.37	0.95	0.45	0.09	0.40
Leptin (µg/L)	19.8	9.4	4.3	7.7	18.3	11.2	6.7	7.9
Adiponectin (mg/L)	9.32	4.54	0.97	2.42	8.39	6.32	1.30	2.16
High sensitivity C-reactive protein(mg/L)	3.00	3.88	−0.06	2.92	3.32	6.63	0.67	7.54
Plasminogen activator inhibtior-1 (mmol/L)	12.81	5.40	2.96	3.13	12.62	6.13	3.36	10.44
Alkylresorcinols (nmol/L)	35.6	62.9	−2.0	70.4	47.6	109.2	71.2	199.0 *

* Indicates significantly different changes in WG compared to RG group; p < 0.0001.