Table 1.

Characteristics of cases and controls.

Variable	Category	Cases		Controls		p-Value
		n	%	n	%	for χ2
Gender	Males	66	28.21	132	28.21	matched
	Females	168	71.79	336	71.79
Age (years)	≤44	12	5.13	22	4.70	matched
	45–54	21	8.97	44	9.40
	55–64	90	38.46	178	38.03
	≥65	111	47.44	224	47.86
Family history of diabetes	First-degree relatives without family history of diabetes	166	70.94	422	90.17
	First-degree relatives with positive family history of diabetes	68	29.06	46	9.83	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	≤24.9	21	8.97	124	26.50
	25–29.99	57	24.36	185	39.53
	≥30	156	66.67	159	33.97	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	Females < 80	18	7.69	111	23.72
	Males < 94
	Females 80–88	20	8.55	118	25.21
	Males 94–102
	Females > 88	196	83.76	239	51.07	<0.001
	Males > 102
Education (years)	≤10	115	49.15	157	33.55
	11–13	70	29.91	192	41.03
	≥14	49	20.94	119	25.43	<0.001
Marital status	Married	137	58.55	296	63.25
	Divorced/separated	16	6.84	40	8.55
	Single	13	5.56	25	5.34
	Widowed	68	29.06	107	22.86	NS
Occupational status	Higher education	16	6.84	46	9.83
	Qualified non manual work	9	3.85	16	3.42
	Qualified manual work or less qualified non-manual work	12	5.13	31	6.62
	Non-qualified manual work or non-qualified non-manual work	7	2.99	28	5.98
	Pensioner	159	67.95	306	65.38
	Unemployed or disabled	31	13.42	41	8.76	NS
Eating speed compare to others	Slower	60	25.64	191	40.81
	The same	44	18.80	103	22.01
	Faster	130	55.56	174	37.18	<0.001
Adding salt to prepared meal	Never	117	50.00	290	61.97
	When it is not enough	95	40.60	137	29.27
	Almost every time without tasting	22	9.40	41	8.76	0.007
Arterial hypertension	No	39	16.67	173	36.97
	Yes	195	83.33	295	63.03	<0.001
Plasma triglycerides	<1.7 mmol/L	82	35.04	284	60.68
	≥1.7 mmol/L	152	64.96	184	39.32	<0.001
Energy intake	<mean value	99	42.31	259	55.34
	≥mean value	135	57.69	209	44.66	NS
24 h Sodium excretion	<mean value	115	49.15	289	61.75
	≥mean value	179	50.85	179	38.25	NS
Fasting glucose **	<7.0 mmol/L	234
	≥7.0 mmol/L			468
Glucose ** after 2 h OGTT	<11.1 mmol/L			468
	≥11.1 mmol/L	146 *
Fasting glucose (mean ± SD) **		9.42 ± 3.29 mmol/L		5.88 ± 0.48 mmol/L		<0.001
2 h OGTT glucose (mean ± SD) **		12.17 ± 1.01 mmol/L		8.01 ± 0.64 mmol/L		<0.001

NS: not significant; SD: standard deviation; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; * for 88 patients diagnosis of diabetes was made by twice repeating high values of fasting glucose; ** in venous blood plasma.