Table 4.
List of potential hepatic biomarkers in mice fed a High-Fat Diet (HFD) including 5% Platycodon grandiflorum using various MS analyses.
| No. | Metabolite | Fold Change 1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFD/ND | HPGL/HFD | HPGH/HFD | ||
| 1 | Glycine | 0.57 # | 1.27 # | 1.18 # |
| 2 | Serine | 0.50 # | 1.21 | 1.34 # |
| 3 | Threonine | 0.51 # | 1.25 | 1.37 # |
| 4 | Methionine a | 0.31 # | 1.25 | 2.38 # |
| 5 | Glutamic acid | 0.45 # | 1.42 | 1.71 # |
| 6 | Phenylalanine a | 0.39 # | 1.19 | 2.40 # |
| 7 | Ornithine | 0.44 # | 1.26 | 1.67 # |
| 8 | Lysine a | 0.39 # | 1.63 # | 2.98 # |
| 9 | Tyrosine a | 0.42 # | 1.24 | 2.47 # |
| 10 | Urea | 0.71 # | 1.15 | 1.15 # |
| 11 | Succinic acid | 0.42 # | 1.11 | 1.75 # |
| 12 | Fumaric acid a | 0.34 # | 1.67 | 2.96 # |
| 13 | Linolelidic acid methyl ester a | 1.53 # | 0.85 # | 0.54 # |
| 14 | Oleic acid methyl ester a | 2.45 # | 1.56 # | 0.54 # |
| 15 | Oleamide a | 1.21 # | 0.90 | 0.72 # |
| 16 | Cholesterol | 0.24 # | 1.97 # | 2.82 # |
| 17 | Maltose | 12.33 # | 0.75 | 0.83 # |
| 18 | Uracil a | 0.40 # | 1.75 # | 2.81 # |
| 19 | Hypoxanthine | 0.33 # | 1.18 | 1.53 # |
| 20 | LysoPC 22:6 | 4.12 # | 0.51 # | 0.58 # |
| 21 | LysoPC 20:4 | 5.88 # | 0.50 # | 0.48 # |
| 22 | LysoPC 22:6 | 1.72 # | 0.86 # | 0.78 # |
| 23 | LysoPE 18:2 a | 0.21 # | 1.11 | 2.25 # |
| 24 | LysoPC 20:4 | 2.50 # | 0.79 # | 0.67 # |
| 25 | LysoPC 18:2 a | 0.50 # | 1.01 | 1.53 # |
| 26 | LysoPC 18:2 | 0.45 # | 1.25 | 2.32 # |
| 27a | LysoPC 16:0 a | 0.64 # | 1.70 # | 1.39 # |
| 27b | LysoPC 20:3 | 3.44 # | 0.79 | 0.64 # |
| 28 | LysoPE 18:0 | 0.23 # | 5.76 # | 3.06 # |
| 29 | PE 36:3 | 0.51 # | 0.89 | 1.78 # |
| 30 | PE 36:2 | 0.42 # | 0.90 | 2.22 # |
| 31 | PC 38:9 | 1.79 # | 0.92 | 0.60 # |
| 32 | TG 50:2 | 2.52 # | 0.78 | 0.45 # |
ND, group fed with a normal diet; HFD, group fed with a high-fat diet; HPGL, group fed with a high-fat diet and 1% P. grandiflorum; HPGH, group fed with a high-fat diet and 5% P. grandiflorum. 1 Fold change was calculated by dividing the mean of the peak intensity of each metabolite from each of the two groups. a Metabolites were only selected in DM extracts of liver tissues. # Metabolites showing significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups as determined by Student’s t-test. LysoPC 18:2 was selected in both UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis (No. 25a) and direct infusion MS analysis (No. 25b).