Table 4.
Association between particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and acute exacerbation in COPD patients.
| Parameter | No. of obs | Emergency Room (ER) Visit | Admission Due to Acute Exacerbation (AE) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | Event (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
| PM2.5 | |||||||
| Outdoor | |||||||
| Normal # | 6 | 0 (0.0) | Reference | - | 0 (0.0) | Reference | - |
| Abnormal * | 77 | 26 (33.8) | NA | NA | 26 (33.8) | NA | NA |
| Living room | |||||||
| Normal # | 9 | 0 (0.0) | Reference | - | 0 (0.0) | Reference | - |
| Abnormal * | 74 | 26 (35.1) | NA | NA | 26 (35.1) | NA | NA |
| Bedroom | |||||||
| Normal # | 13 | 0 (0.0) | Reference | - | 0 (0.0) | Reference | - |
| Abnormal * | 70 | 26 (37.1) | NA | NA | 26 (37.1) | NA | NA |
| Kitchen | |||||||
| Normal # | 7 | 0 (0.0) | Reference | - | 0 (0.0) | Reference | - |
| Abnormal * | 76 | 26 (34.2) | NA | NA | 26 (34.2) | NA | NA |
| PM10 | |||||||
| Outdoor | |||||||
| Normal # | 43 | 3 (7.0) | Reference | - | 3 (7.0) | Reference | - |
| Abnormal * | 40 | 23 (57.5) | 30.1 (4.9–184.2) | <0.001 | 23 (57.5) | 19.5 (4.7–80.6) | <0.001 |
| Living room | |||||||
| Normal # | 46 | 4 (8.7) | Reference | - | 5 (10.9) | Reference | - |
| Abnormal * | 37 | 22 (59.5) | 23.8 (3.0–191.3) | 0.003 | 21 (56.8) | 16.2 (3.1–84.9) | 0.001 |
| Bedroom | |||||||
| Normal # | 50 | 7 (14.0) | Reference | - | 7 (14.0) | Reference | - |
| Abnormal * | 33 | 19 (57.6) | 12.1 (2.5–60.0) | 0.002 | 19 (57.6) | 10.5 (2.5–44.6) | 0.001 |
| Kitchen | |||||||
| Normal # | 46 | 3 (6.5) | Reference | - | 4 (8.7) | Reference | - |
| Abnormal * | 37 | 23 (62.2) | 38.5 (4.8–311.8) | 0.001 | 22 (59.5) | 18.5 (3.7–91.9) | <0.001 |
Note: OR = odds ratio derived from GEE model with adjustment of age at baseline, FEV1 predicted at each visit, smoking status, and CI = confidence interval; obs = observation; # Normal: Daily mean or 24-h maximum of PM10 is below 125 μg/m3, and that of PM2.5 is below 35 μg/m3; * Abnormal: Daily mean or 24-h maximum of PM10 is above 125 μg/m3, and that of PM2.5 is above of 35 μg/m3.