Table 3.
Hurdle models.
| Independent Variables | Total Number of Park Users | Male Park Users | Female Park Users | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | |
| Time of day (ref = morning) | ||||||||||||
| lunch | 4.40 *** | 1.94–9.99 | 0.98 | 0.76–1.29 | 7.29 *** | 3.01–17.68 | 0.71 | 0.49–1.02 | 1.38 | 0.63–3.03 | 1.57 * | 1.06–2.33 |
| afternoon | 6.82 *** | 2.96–15.62 | 2.09 *** | 1.65–2.66 | 15.46 *** | 6.21–38.48 | 1.53 * | 1.10–2.12 | 3.76 *** | 1.72–8.23 | 2.01 *** | 1.40–2.88 |
| evening | 4.46 *** | 1.97–10.09 | 1.40 ** | 1.09–1.81 | 6.01 *** | 2.50–14.42 | 1.14 | 0.81–1.61 | 3.26 ** | 1.49–7.10 | 1.36 | 0.92–1.99 |
| Type of park area (ref = grassy area with a playground) | ||||||||||||
| trail | 13.09 *** | 4.24–40.41 | 1.79 | 0.90–3.59 | 15.79 *** | 4.38–56.96 | 2.09 * | 1.12–3.92 | 4.53 * | 1.37–14.96 | 1.43 | 0.96–2.11 |
| wood | 0.05 *** | 0.02–0.14 | 0.45 *** | 0.31–0.67 | 0.06 *** | 0.02–0.15 | 0.65 * | 0.43–0.97 | 0.02 *** | 0.00–0.12 | 0.55 | 0.18–1.69 |
| Day type (ref = week) | ||||||||||||
| weekend | 0.38 * | 0.15–0.98 | 0.96 | 0.63–1.45 | 0.72 | 0.26–1.92 | 1.09 | 0.72–1.66 | 0.46 | 0.20–1.06 | 0.75 | 0.53–1.07 |
| Independent Variables | Child/Adolescent Park Users | Adult/Senior Park Users | ||||||||||
| Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | Logistic Regression a | Poisson Model b | |||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Exp. B | 95% CI | |||||
| Time of day (ref = morning) | ||||||||||||
| lunch | 4.86 ** | 1.71–13.79 | 2.05 | 0.96–4.34 | 3.05 ** | 1.35–6.88 | 0.89 | 0.66–1.21 | ||||
| afternoon | 17.81 *** | 6.35–49.98 | 4.91 *** | 2.38–10.11 | 4.54 *** | 2.00–10.29 | 1.17 | 0.88–1.54 | ||||
| evening | 10.78 *** | 3.86–30.06 | 3.28 ** | 1.56–6.89 | 2.45 * | 1.09–5.50 | 1.09 | 0.82–1.46 | ||||
| Type of park area (ref = grassy area with a playground) | ||||||||||||
| trail | 4.26 *** | 1.81–10.05 | 1.66 | 0.82–3.34 | 8.15 *** | 2.65–25.00 | 1.51 * | 1.08–2.11 | ||||
| wood | 0.09 *** | 0.03–0.23 | 0.67 | 0.43–1.05 | 0.04 *** | 0.01–0.12 | 0.53 * | 0.31–0.92 | ||||
| Day type (ref = week) | ||||||||||||
| weekend | 1.37 | 0.49–3.83 | 0.82 | 0.48–1.40 | 0.29 ** | 0.13–0.68 | 0.96 | 0.77–1.20 | ||||
a The logistic regression model estimated the association of the independent variables with the odds of observing park users in the park areas. b The Poisson models (Exp. B) estimated the proportional difference in number of users associated with a one-unit difference in the independent variables for park target areas where at least one person was present. OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence interval, Exp. B = Exponent of B, ref = reference category. * α < 0.05, ** α < 0.01, *** α < 0.001.