Table 4.
Questionnaire findings on KAP (i) on WASH among schoolchildren and caregivers in Dolakha and Ramechhap districts, Nepal, March–May 2015.
| Variables (n = 708) | Overall N (%) | Dolakha n (%) | Ramechhap n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| KAP indicators: schoolchildren | |||
| Hand washing | |||
| Before eating | 525 (74.2) | 427 (76.9) | 98 (64.1) |
| After eating | 434 (61.3) | 357 (64.3) | 77 (50.3) |
| After playing | 422 (59.6) | 345 (62.2) | 77 (50.3) |
| After defecation | 534 (75.4) | 427 (76.9) | 107 (69.9) |
| Do not wash hands | 66 (11.7) | 45 (10.1) | 21 (17.8) |
| With water only | 687 (97.0) | 540 (97.3) | 147 (96.1) |
| With ash | 17 (2.4) | 12 (2.2) | 5 (3.3) |
| With mud/soil | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| With water and soap | 689 (97.3) | 539 (97.1) | 150 (98.0) |
| Hygiene (ii) | |||
| Higher category | 261 (36.9) | 225 (40.5) | 36 (23.5) |
| Middle category | 211 (29.8) | 165 (29.7) | 46 (30.1) |
| Lower category | 236 (33.3) | 165 (29.7) | 71 (46.4) |
| Sanitary practices at school | |||
| Using latrine at school | 679 (95.9) | 543 (97.8) | 136 (88.9) |
| No latrine use | 29 (4.1) | 12 (2.2) | 17 (11.1) |
| Drinking water of children at school * | |||
| Drinking water from school | 637 (90.0) | 535 (96.4) | 102 (66.7) |
| Bringing water from home | 102 (14.4) | 67 (12.1) | 35 (22.9) |
| Households (n = 562) | |||
| Use of toilet at home | |||
| Latrine in the household | 394 (70.1) | 320 (72.1) | 74 (62.7) |
| Shared latrine | 68 (12.1) | 57 (12.8) | 11 (9.3) |
| Bush | 73 (13.0) | 57 (12.8) | 16 (13.5) |
| River, swamp, lake | 27 (4.8) | 10 (2.2) | 17 (14.4) |
| Type of latrine at home | |||
| Water seal latrine | 283 (50.4) | 233 (52.5) | 50 (42.4) |
| Open pit latrine with slab | 97 (17.3) | 77 (17.3) | 20 (16.9) |
| Open pit latrine without slab | 14 (2.5) | 12 (2.7) | 2 (1.7) |
| Soap in household for hand-washing | 417 (74.2) | 319 (71.9) | 98 (83.0) |
| Hygiene of caregivers (iii) (n = 252) | |||
| Lower category | 72 (28.7) | 60 (27.0) | 12 (41.4) |
| Middle category | 26 (10.4) | 23 (10.4) | 3 (10.3) |
| Better category | 153 (60.9) | 139 (62.6) | 14 (48.3) |
| Drinking water at home * | |||
| Drinking water source during dry season | |||
| Private tap | 287 (51.1) | 257 (57.9) | 30 (25.4) |
| Spring | 13 (2.3) | 3 (0.7) | 10 (8.5) |
| Public tap | 36 (6.4) | 36 (8.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Other (iv) | 226 (40.2) | 148 (33.3) | 78 (66.1) |
| Drinking water source during rainy season | |||
| Private tap | 285 (50.7) | 258 (58.1) | 27 (22.9) |
| Spring | 1 (0.18) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Public tap | 44 (7.8) | 40 (9.0) | 4 (3.4) |
| Other (v) | 232 (41.3) | 145 (32.7) | 87 (73.7) |
| Container to fetch water at the principle source | |||
| Clay | 40 (7.1) | 16 (3.6) | 24 (20.3) |
| Plastic | 258 (45.9) | 205 (46.2) | 53 (44.9) |
| Metal | 264 (47.0) | 223 (50.2) | 41 (34.8) |
| Frequency of washing drinking water storage container with soap | |||
| Never | 40 (7.1) | 20 (4.5) | 20 (17.0) |
| Daily | 347 (61.8) | 277 (62.4) | 70 (59.3) |
| Weekly | 175 (31.1) | 147 (33.1) | 28 (23.7) |
| Status of drinking water container | |||
| Covered | 417 (74.2) | 322 (72.5) | 95 (80.5) |
| Uncovered | 145 (25.8) | 122 (27.5) | 23 (19.5) |
| Drinking water container used for other activities | 112 (19.9) | 89 (20.5) | 23 (19.5) |
| Regular water treatment | 76 (13.5) | 50 (11.3) | 26 (22.0) |
| Aware of boiling | 203 (36.1) | 181 (40.8) | 22 (18.6) |
| Aware of chlorination | 32 (5.7) | 28 (6.3) | 4 (3.4) |
| Aware of filtration | 70 (12.5) | 28 (6.3) | 42 (35.6) |
| Water sufficiency | 439 (78.1) | 333 (75.0) | 106 (89.8) |
| Safe solid waste disposal * | 273 (48.6) | 237 (53.4) | 36 (30.5) |
* Multiple answers were possible for several questions. (i) Knowledge, attitude, and practices; (ii) and (iii) a new variable for hygiene for the schoolchildren and their caregivers was created using factor analysis separately with two conceptually similar categorical variables of: mode of hand-washing (with water only, ash, mud/soil, water and soap, no hand washing); and its occasions (for schoolchildren: before eating, after eating, after playing, after toilet, and for their caregivers: before preparing food, before eating, after eating, after defecation, after child’s defecation, before breastfeeding, after breastfeeding, no hand-washing; the score of the first factor was then classified into three categories - high, middle, and low using the k-means procedure; (iv) and (v) others included hand-pump, river, swamp, and ponds.