Table 6.
Results from univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for thermo-tolerant coliforms (TTC) from water samples from households of Dolakha and Ramechhap districts, Nepal (sampling period: March–May 2015).
| Risk Factor | N (%) | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
| District | |||||||
| Dolakha | 444 (79.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Ramechhap | 118 (21.0) | 1.79 | 1.02–3.13 | 0.04 | 2.25 | 1.16–4.34 | 0.02 |
| Education of the respondent | |||||||
| No formal education | 210 (37.4) | 1.00 | |||||
| Primary education | 144 (25.6) | 1.21 | 0.74–1.99 | 0.44 | 1.26 | 0.76–2.07 | 0.37 |
| Secondary education | 143 (25.4) | 0.75 | 0.43–1.32 | 0.34 | 0.73 | 0.41–1.30 | 0.29 |
| Superior | 65 (11.6) | 0.76 | 0.36–1.61 | 0.47 | 0.92 | 0.43–1.95 | 0.82 |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||
| Low | 298 (53.0) | 1.00 | |||||
| Medium | 215 (38.3) | 1.10 | 0.73–1.64 | 0.65 | 1.07 | 0.71–1.61 | 0.75 |
| High | 49 (8.7) | 1.06 | 0.53–2.11 | 0.87 | 1.02 | 0.50–2.06 | 0.97 |
| Household drinking water during the dry season | |||||||
| Private tap | 287 (51.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Spring | 13 (2.3) | 3.98 | 1.14–13.97 | 0.03 | 2.48 | 0.64–9.66 | 0.19 |
| Public tap | 36 (6.4) | 1.67 | 0.70–3.95 | 0.24 | 1.68 | 0.71–3.96 | 0.23 |
| Other | 226 (40.2) | 0.93 | 0.59–1.44 | 0.73 | 0.87 | 0.55–1.37 | 0.55 |
| Container for fetching water | |||||||
| Metal container | 264 (47.0) | 1.00 | |||||
| Plastic container | 258 (45.9) | 1.11 | 0.73–1.69 | 0.62 | 0.96 | 0.60–1.52 | 0.85 |
| Clay pot | 40 (7.1) | 1.86 | 0.86–4.02 | 0.12 | 0.82 | 0.34–1.99 | 0.67 |
| Status of container during storage | |||||||
| Covered | 417 (74.2) | 1.00 | |||||
| Uncovered | 127 (22.6) | 0.97 | 0.60–1.57 | 0.89 | |||
| Not seen | 18 (3.2) | 0.90 | 0.30–2.70 | 0.86 | |||
| Container washing frequency | |||||||
| Daily | 347 (61.7) | 1.00 | |||||
| Never | 40 (7.1) | 0.82 | 0.35–1.93 | 0.65 | |||
| Weekly | 175 (31.1) | 0.95 | 0.60–1.51 | 0.82 | |||
| Drinking water container used for other activities | |||||||
| Yes | 451 (80.3) | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 111 (19.7) | 0.76 | 0.46–1.27 | 0.30 | |||
| Water treatment * | |||||||
| No | 486 (86.5) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 76 (13.5) | 0.74 | 0.42–1.31 | 0.30 | |||
| Latrine in household | |||||||
| Yes | 395 (70.3) | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 167 (29.7) | 1.20 | 0.76–1.87 | 0.43 | |||
| Latrine type | |||||||
| Water seal latrine | 283 (50.4) | 1.00 | |||||
| No latrine | 168 (29.9) | 1.30 | 0.81–2.11 | 0.28 | |||
| Open pit latrine with slab | 97 (17.3) | 1.21 | 0.69–2.11 | 0.51 | |||
| Flushed toilet | 14 (2.5) | 0.91 | 0.24–3.49 | 0.89 | |||
| Solid waste disposal | |||||||
| Yes | 273 (48.6) | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 289 (51.4) | 0.99 | 0.67–1.48 | 0.99 | |||
| Possession of livestock | |||||||
| Yes | 507 (90.2) | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 55 (9.8) | 0.92 | 0.47–1.80 | 0.80 | |||
| Livestock kept inside household | |||||||
| No | 307 (54.6) | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 255 (45.4) | 0.63 | 0.41–0.95 | 0.03 | 1.64 | 1.08–2.50 | 0.02 |
* Households reported to treat their drinking water through boiling, chlorination, and filtration. The multivariate global model included a random intercept at the level of school where all the variables were assessed one by one and retained for the global model if their p-value was <0.2. The final model was obtained by using backward selection with the same level of <0.2.