Figure 2. Oncolytic virotherapy strategies for metastatic cancer treatment.

a. Immunostimulatory factors (GM-CSF, IL-12) that are expressed in infected tumor cells recruit immune cells that induce tumor cell apoptosis. b. Anti-metastatic factors that are expressed in infected tumor cells block the metastasis pathway of the tumor cell and kill the tumor via their oncolytic capacity. c. Oncolytic virus infected stem cells replicate within the stem cells, which then migrate toward tumor lesions and release oncolytic viruses that infect tumor cells and induce oncolysis.