Table 2. Therapeutic gene transfer by viruses for metastatic cancer treatment.
Gene | Function | References |
---|---|---|
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) | Stimulate adaptive immunity against tumor associated antigen | [56, 57] |
Interleukin – 12 (IL-12) | Stimulate the IFN-γ secretion and recruitment of tumor specific T-cell | [58, 59] |
KAI1 | Inhibit the EGFR signaling, which associated with cell motility | [61] |
NM23 | Reduce the cell flexibility necessary for cytoskeleton plasticity and cell motility | [62–65] |
TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βRII) | Bind with TGF-β and inhibit the TGF-β signaling pathway, which associated with cancer metastasis | [69] |
Osteoprotegerin linked Immunoglobulin G (OPG linked IgG) | Bind with nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), which associated with microenvironmental conditions to influence cancer cell metastasis | [70 - 72] |