Table 1.
Characteristics of study population by serum bicarbonate concentration
| Characteristic | Bicarbonate Concentration (mEq/L) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 21 (N=430) | 21–22 (N=1733) | 23–24 (N=2707) | ≥ 25 (N=1359) | |
|
| ||||
| Age (years) | 59.9 (10.1) | 61.5 (10.5) | 62.3 (10.2) | 63.6 (9.9) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 221 (51.4) | 916 (52.9) | 1451 (53.6) | 744 (54.7) |
| Male | 209 (48.6) | 817 (47.1) | 1256 (46.4) | 615 (45.3) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 139 (32.3) | 666 (38.4) | 1075 (39.7) | 538 (39.6) |
| Chinese-American | 44 (10.2) | 227 (13.1) | 336 (12.4) | 153 (11.3) |
| Black | 104 (24.2) | 378 (21.8) | 739 (27.3) | 473 (34.8) |
| Hispanic | 143 (33.3) | 462 (26.7) | 557 (20.6) | 195 (14.3) |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| High school | 167 (38.8) | 664 (38.3) | 969 (35.8) | 437 (32.2) |
| Some college | 131 (30.5) | 503 (29.0) | 761 (28.1) | 379 (27.9) |
| College graduate | 132 (30.7) | 566 (32.7) | 977 (36.1) | 543 (40.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 (5.3) | 28.6 (5.2) | 28.1 (5.5) | 27.7 (5.7) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoked | 182 (42.3) | 850 (49.0) | 1407 (52.0) | 719 (52.9) |
| Former smoker | 153 (35.6) | 610 (35.2) | 991 (36.6) | 517 (38) |
| Current smoker | 95 (22.1) | 273 (15.8) | 309 (11.4) | 123 (9.1) |
| Self-reported emphysema | ||||
| No | 422 (98.1) | 1702 (98.2) | 2668 (98.6) | 1336 (98.3) |
| Yes | 7 (1.6) | 30 (1.7) | 36 (1.3) | 22 (1.6) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Impaired fasting glucose | 74 (17.2) | 245 (14.1) | 365 (13.5) | 172 (12.7) |
| Untreated diabetes | 12 (2.8) | 63 (3.6) | 51 (1.9) | 28 (2.1) |
| Treated diabetes | 57 (13.3) | 175 (10.1) | 241 (8.9) | 130 (9.6) |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 117.4 (34.3) | 117.4 (31.6) | 117 (30.8) | 116.5 (31.2) |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 47.8 (13.8) | 49.9 (14.5) | 51.5 (15.1) | 54.0 (14.8) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 142.8 (74.2) | 133.2 (68.4) | 124.3 (64.5) | 113.9 (58.3) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 3.8 (5.8) | 4.0 (6.3) | 3.7 (5.9) | 3.4 (5.1) |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) |
| Serum creatinin (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio | 46.9 (261) | 28.2 (188.2) | 20.6 (103.8) | 18.7 (64.0) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 79.9 (19.7) | 79.0 (16.9) | 78.1 (15.5) | 76.8 (15.2) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2), median (IQR) | 82.7 (69.1– 93.7) | 79.6 (67.9– 91.0) | 77.6 (67.4– 88.5) | 75.9 (66.0– 86.7) |
| Any lipid-lowering medication | ||||
| No | 365 (84.9) | 1452 (83.8) | 2280 (84.2) | 1120 (82.4) |
| Yes | 65 (15.1) | 281 (16.2) | 427 (15.8) | 239 (17.6) |
| Any hypertensive medication | ||||
| No | 293 (68.1) | 1151 (66.4) | 1790 (66.1) | 704 (51.8) |
| Yes | 137 (31.9) | 582 (33.6) | 917 (33.9) | 655 (48.2) |
| Any diuretics | ||||
| No | 396 (92.1) | 1548 (89.3) | 2314 (85.5) | 958 (70.5) |
| Yes | 34 (7.9) | 185 (10.7) | 393 (14.5) | 401 (29.5) |
Values are expressed as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified. BMI= body mass index; LDL= low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL= high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR= estimated glomerular filtration rate;