Table 2.
Associations of Bicarbonate Concentration with Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease
| Left Ventricular Mass (N=4,603) | Mean Difference in Left Ventricular Mass (g) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | Unadjusted Mean (SD) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Diuretic Use | ||||
| < 21 | 150.6 (40.7) | −3.0 (−19.0 to 13.0) | −7.0 (−22.0 to 9.0) | −7.0 (−22.0 to 9.0) |
| 21–23 | 154.6 (45.0) | 2.0 (−5.0 to 9.0) | −1.0 (−7.0 to 5.0) | −1.0 (−7.0 to 5.0) |
| 23–24 | 152.5 (43.0) | 0 (REF) | 0 (REF) | 0 (REF) |
| ≥ 25 | 145.5 (34.7) | −5.0 (−10.0 to 1.0) | −2.0 (−6.0 to 3.0) | −2.0 (−6.0 to3.0) |
| Per 1 mEq/L higher | −1.0 (−2.0 to 0.0) | 0.2 (−1.0 to 1.0) | 0.2 (−1.0 to 1.0) | |
| P-value* | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.74 | |
| No Diuretic Use | ||||
| <21 | 146.8 (42.0) | 2.0 (−2.0 to 6.0) | −1.0 (−5.0 to 2.0) | −1.0 (05.0 to 2.0) |
| 21–23 | 144.9 (38.4) | 2.0 (−0.2 to 4.0) | 0.4 (−1.0 to 2.0) | 0.4 (−2.0 to 2.0) |
| 23–24 | 142.6 (38.5) | 0 (REF) | 0 (REF) | 0 (REF) |
| ≥ 25 | 146.3 (40.8) | 1.0 (−1.0 to 4.0) | 3.0 (0.5 to 5.0) | 3.0 (0.5 to 5.0) |
| Per 1 mEq/L higher | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.0) | 0.7 (0.1 to 1.0) | |
| P-value* | 0.76 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Aortic Pulse Pressure (N=5,805) | Mean Difference in Aortic Pulse Pressure (mmHg) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | Unadjusted Mean (SD) | Model 1 | Model 2** | Model 3 |
| Diuretic Use | ||||
| < 21 | 61.9 (15.6) | −1.9 (−6.9 to 3.0) | −1.2 (−5.4 to 2.9) | −1.4 (−5.6 to 2.9) |
| 21–23 | 65.6 (15.4) | 1.7 (−0.7 to 4.0) | 0.5 (−1.5 to 2.5) | 0.9 (−1.1 to 3.0) |
| 23–24 | 64.6 (14.5) | 0 (REF) | 0 (REF) | 0 (REF) |
| ≥ 25 | 64.7 (15.0) | −0.4 (−0.7 to 0.2) | 1.2 (−0.4 to 2.7) | 1.2 (−0.4 to 2.8) |
| Per 1 mEq/L higher | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.2) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.5) | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) | |
| P-value* | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.54 | |
| No Diuretic Use | ||||
| <21 | 56.5 (13.7) | −0.3 (−2.0 to 1.0) | −0.6 (−2.0 to 0.4) | −0.7 (−1.7 to 0.3) |
| 21–23 | 57.4 (14.4) | −0.2 (−1.0 to 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.6) |
| 23–24 | 57.9 (14.2) | 0 (REF) | 0 (REF) | 0 (REF) |
| ≥ 25 | 58.6 (15.1) | 0.8 (−0.3 to 2.0) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.0) | 1.2 (0.4 to 2.0) |
| Per 1 mEq/L higher | 0.2 (−0.01 to 0.4) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) | |
| P-value* | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Model 1: Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, gender, education and MESA site
Model 2: Adjusted for covariates in model 1 plus diabetes, self-reported emphysema, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, smoking, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, eGFR, C-reactive protein, urine albumin to creatinine ratio, use of antihypertensive medications, use of lipid-lowering medications.
Model 3: Adjusted for covariates in model 2 plus dietary protein density.
*
P-value is for continuous comparison
**
Additionally adjusted for mean arterial pressure