Figure 4.

Brain regions associated with model-based prediction error estimates. a, In the S–C learning condition, activity in a cluster encompassing the right caudate nucleus, part of the inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex appeared to track the updating of face–PC associations. b, The conjunction of a direct contrast between the neural correlates of S–C and S–R learning and the main effect of S–C learning revealed a cluster in the right head of the caudate nucleus, suggesting its distinct role in updating stimulus–control state associations. All maps were whole-brain corrected to α < 0.05.