Fig. 4.

a Forest plot of a meta-analysis of EST studies comparing patients with BPD with CCs. Positive effects denote stronger AB in BPD for generally negative emotional words. SMDs of interference scores were meta-analyzed. b Leave-one-out meta-analysis plot of the EST studies comparing patients with BPD with CCs and using generally negative words as stimuli. The effect remains in the range from -0.09 to 0.88, though leaving out the study of Sieswerda et al. [27] or of Waller and Button [29] leads to the 95% CI covering zero.