Table 1.
Cohort and study characteristics of all EST studies
| First author | Group | n | Females,% | Mean age ± SD, years | In/out | Medication,% | Comorbidity | Inferencescores | Presentation | Button |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arntz [30], 2000 | BPD | 16 | 100 | 29.8 | out | n.a. | 2.88AID, 3.31PD | neg.-neu.; neg. (BPD-spec.)-neu. | random | voice |
| CPD | 12 | 32.5 | 2.58AID, 1.83PD | |||||||
| NP | 15 | 35.0 | ||||||||
| Domes [57], 2006 | BPD | 28 | 100 | 24.93 ± 5.85 | in | - | -/- | neg.-neu. | random | button |
| NP | 30 | 23.9 ± 5.88 | ||||||||
| Portella [25], 2011 | BPD | 38 | 100 | 27.42 ± 5.8 | out | 81.6 | n.a. | neg.-neu.; neg. (BPD-spec.)-neu. | random | button |
| NP | 23 | 25.56 ± 2.3 | ||||||||
| Sieswerda [27], 2006 | BPD | 16 | 94 | 27 ± 6.8 | in/out | n.a. | 1.63AID, 1.56PD | neg.-neu.; neg. (BPD-spec.)-neu. | random | voice |
| CPD | 18 | 89 | 29 ± 9.2 | 1.67 1.06PD | ||||||
| AID | 16 | 75 | 30 ± 9.2 | 1−81AID | ||||||
| NP | 16 | 88 | 26 ± 5.4 | |||||||
| Sieswerda [58], 2007 | BPD | 24 | 88 | 29.6 ± 7.2 | out | n.a. | 71%MD, 96%AD, 42%CPD, 25%ASPD | neg.-neu.; neg. (BPD-spec.)-neu. | random | voice |
| NP | 23 | 91 | 34 ± 11 | |||||||
| Sprock [33], 2000 | BPD | 18 | 100 | 37.6 ± 5.3 | out | + | 72.2%DD, 27.8%dysthymia | neg.-neu. | blocks | voice |
| NP | 16 | 30.3 ± 5.9 | ||||||||
| DD | 17 | 32.7 ± 9.7 | ||||||||
| Völker [26], 2009 | BPD | 24 | 100 | 23.17 ± 4.74 | in | - | n.a. | neg.-neu. | random | button |
| DD | 22 | 20.41 ± 1.71 | ||||||||
| NP | 24 | 22.21 ± 4.69 | ||||||||
| Waller [29], 1996 | BPD | 10 | 100 | 26.6 ± 4.74 | in | n.a. | n.a. | neg.-neu. | blocks | voice |
| AID | 10 | 28.5 ± 10.8 | ||||||||
| NP | 20 | 25.1 ± 8.39 | ||||||||
| Wingenfeld [31], 2009 | BPD | 20 | 70 | 29.75 ± 13.2 | in | 60 | 25%PTSD, 25%MD, 15%ED, 5%SP, 5%SPD | neg.-neu.; neg. (pers.)-neu. | blocks | button |
| NP | 20 | 70 | 29.45 ± 12.4 | |||||||
| Wingenfeld [32], 2009 | BPD | 31 | 67.74 | 28.2 ± 11.1 | in | n.a. | 83.88%AID, 51.61%PTSD | neg.-neu.; neg. (pers.)-neu. | blocks | button |
| NP | 49 | 61.22 | 32.4 ± 11.8 | |||||||
| Winter [28], 2015 | BPD | 19 | 100 | 28.74 ± 8.07 | n.a. | - | 37%PTSD, 11%MD, 60%AD | neg.-neu. | blocks | button |
| NP | 19 | 28.05 ± 7.82 | ||||||||
F = Female; in/out = inpatients/outpatients; n.a. = not applicable; AID = axis I disorders; PD = personality disorder; neg. = negative; neu. = neutral; CPD = cluster C personality disorder; BPD-spec. = BPD-specific; MD = mood disorder; AD = anxiety disorder; ASPD = antisocial personality disorder; DD = depressive disorder; EgoThreat = Ego-threat words pooled; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; ED = eating disorder; SP = social phobia; SPD = somatoform pain disorder; pers. = personal relevant words.