Beeswax, honey & royal jelly |
Bio-active, oestrogenic and immunosuppressive compounds |
[43, 91, 147] |
Bee venom |
Anti-malignant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic peptides, e.g. melittin |
[85, 88, 178, 179] |
Lice salivary glands |
Medically effective toxins |
[182] |
Fly maggots |
Anti-microbial secretions |
[26, 184] |
Stinging ants |
Antimicrobial, haemolytic, cytolytic, insecticidal compounds, e.g., peptides |
[185, 186] |
Meloid beetles, e.g., Mylabris phalerata
|
Cytotoxic effect on human mononuclear leukaemic U937 cells and anti-cancer and anti-leismanial activities; apoptosis inducer |
[35, 159, 190, 231] |
Centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans
|
Peptides with strong antimicrobial and moderate haemolytic activity against human and rabbit red cells |
[34, 48, 136, 233, 234] |
Chelicerates (e.g., Heterometrus bengalensis scorpion) |
Apoptogenic, anti-proliferative, anti-osteoporosis substance, e.g., bengalin |
[140, 143–145] |
Ticks (e.g., Ixodes sp.) and leeches |
Cell proliferation inhibitors and Anti-coagulants, e.g., hirudin |
[32, 160, 198–200] |
Earthworms, e.g. Eisenia foetida and Lumbricus rubelus
|
Anti-pyretic, anti-spasmodic, diuretic, anti-asthmatic, anti-hypertensive, anti-allergic, anti-neoplastic properties |
[156, 158] |