Table 4.
Methods, samples, percentage and type of drugs used in the included studies.
| No. | Data Source | Methods | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALL DRUGS | ||||
| 1. | Medical record | Exposure rate by gestational age (number of prescription, percentage of prescription) ATC system |
Total neonates: 187 Multivitamin, n = 100 (53.5%), gentamicin, n = 78 (41.7%), ampicillin, n = 66 (35.3%), fentanyl, n = 66 (35.3%), midazolam, n = 60 (32.1%) |
Goncalves et al., 2015 |
| 2. | Medical records | Number of neonates Percentage of neonates |
Number of neonates: 100 Ceftriaxone, n = 75 (75.0%), amikacin, n = 75 (75.0%), phenobarbitone, n = 39 (39.0%), phytomenadione, n = 19 (19.0%), aminophylline, n = 11, (11.0%) |
Sharanappa et al., 2015 |
| 3. | Medical records | Number of neonates Percentage of neonates Drug category WHO core prescribing indicator |
Number of neonates: 650 Phytomenadione, n = 471 (72.5%), amikacin, n = 251 (38.6%), cefotaxime, n = 222 (34.2%), ampicillin, n = 199 (30.6%), gentamicin, n = 197 (30.3%), metronidazole, n = 102 (15.7%), adrenalin, n = 77 (11.9%), dopamine, n = 42 (6.5%), phenobarbitone, n = 61 (9.4%) |
Patel Brijal et al., 2015 |
| 4. | Prescription | Number of prescriptions by gestational age Prescription rates by gestational age (no. of prescription/100 admissions) ATC |
Number of neonates: 490 Gentamicin, n = 200 (40.8%), ampicillin, n = 92 (18.8%), fentanyl, n = 87 (17.8%), frusemide, n = 81 (16.5%), heparin, n = 26 (17.5%) |
Lass et al., 2011 |
| 5. | Medical Record/Prescription | Number of prescriptions by gestational age Exposure rate (percentage) ATC |
Number of neonates: 183 Phytomenadione, n = 163 (89.1%), piperacillin, n = 147 (80.3%), tobramycin, n = 146 (79.8%), theophylline, n = 95 (51.9%), midazolam, n = 89 (48.6%), diazepam, n = 44 (24.0%), caffeine, n = 38 (20.8%), surfactant, n = 35 (19.1%) |
Neubert et al., 2010 |
| 6. | Medical Record/Prescription | ATC WHO core prescribing indicators |
Total prescription: 849 Antimicrobials, n = 256 (30.2%) Vitamins, n = 176 (20.7%) |
Chatterjee et al., 2007 |
| 7. | Medical Record/Prescription | Number of prescription by gestational age Percentage of prescription ATC & active substance by gestational age WHO core prescribing indicators |
Total prescription: 1658 Antibiotics, n = 1123 (67.7%) Respiratory system, n = 157 (9.5%) Nervous system, n = 149 (9.0%) Cardiovascular system, n = 115 (6.0%) Alimentary tract system, n = 52 (3.1%) |
Suryawanshi et al., 2016 |
| 8. | Administrative database | Counts & Proportions by 3 methods: Exposure (number of unique medication names reported for each patient) Total medication courses (number of times a unique medication name reported) Days of use (total number of days each medication was administered) |
Unit reported as exposure per 1000 infants: Ampicillin (681), gentamicin (676), caffeine citrate (156), beractant (91), vancomycin (91), beractant (82), frusemide (81), fentanyl (70), dopamine (62), midazolam (61) Increased use: azithromycin, sildenafil, milrinone Decreased use: theophylline, doxapram, metoclopramide |
Hsieh et al., 2014 |
| 9. | Pharmacy dispensing database | Number of neonates on medication Number of doses dispensed Drug category |
Total neonates: 2304 Ampicillin, n = 1691 (73.4%), gentamicin, n = 1667 (72.4%), heparin, n = 1075 (46.7%), surfactant, n = 540 (23.4%), fentanyl, n = 446 (19.4%), caffeine, n = 374 (16.2%), indomethacin, n = 311 (13.5%), frusemide, n = 268 (11.6%), erythropoietin, n = 250 (10.9%), dopamine, n = 213 (9.2%) |
Kumar et al., 2008 |
| 10. | Neonatal database | Mean number of drug per infant Drug category |
Increased use: Antibiotics, central nervous system drugs, endocrine agents, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal drugs Decreased utilization: ophthalmic drugs No changes: nutritional, biological, renal, pulmonary drugs |
Du et al., 2006 |
| 11. | National database | Counts: Frequency (number of times a unique medication name reported) Courses (number of times a unique medication was reported for a single patient with a specific start date) Exposure (number of unique medication names reported for each patient) Exposure rate (exposure/total study cohort x1000) |
Unit reported as exposure rate: Ampicillin (693), gentamicin (575), ferrous sulfate (269), multivitamin (228), cefotaxime (183), caffeine citrate (130), frusemide (84), vancomycin (99), surfactant (118), metoclopramide (82) |
Clark et al., 2006 |
| 12. | Neonatal database | Exposure rate by gestational age (percentage of infant exposed) Mean number of drug per infant Drug category |
Unit reported as exposure rates: Ampicillin (94.2%), cefotaxime (92.4%), beractant (18.2%), dopamine (10.1%), iron (9.5%), vancomycin (8.8%) |
Warrier et al., 2006 |
| ANTIBIOTICS | ||||
| 13. | Prescription | Number of prescription Percentage of prescription |
Total prescriptions: 250 Ampicillin, n = 55 (21.7%), gentamicin, n = 55 (21.7%), amikacin, n = 50 (20.1%), piperacillin/tazobactam, n = 39 (15.8%), cefotaxime, n = 28 (11.4%) |
Subash and Shanmugapriyan, 2015 |
| 14. | Patient chart | Days Of Therapy (DOT)/1000 patient days | Days of therapy were 360 per 1000 patient-days | Zingg et al., 2011 |
| 15. | Prescription | Number of prescriptions or patients PDD/100 bed days DDD/100 bed days -DU90% Doses (mg/kg/day) ATC |
*Total prescriptions: 263 Penicillin (benzylpenicillin, flucloxacillin), n = 101 (38.4%) Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin), n = 90 (34.2%) Other antibacterials (vancomycin, metronidazole), n = 49 (18.6%) |
Porta et al., 2012 |
| 16. | HIS database | DDD/100 inhabitant per day (DID) | *Unit reported as DID: Ampicillin (64.3), amikacin (17.2), cefotaxime (6.0), cefepime (4.8), meropenem (4.9), vancomycin (8.1) | Salehifar et al., 2014 |
| 17. | Pharmacy purchase data | DDD/100 patient-days DDD/100 admissions DU90% & DU 100% |
*Unit reported as DDD/100 admissions: Ampicillin (367.2), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (146.6), amikacin (24.7), gentamicin (25.1) | Nitsch-Osuch et al., 2015 |
| 18. | Pharmacy purchase data | DDD/100 admission ATC DU 90% |
Antibiotic consumption ranged from 130 to 360 DDD/100 admissions | Liem et al., 2010b |
| 19. | Pharmacy purchase data | DDD/100 patient days DDD/100 admissions ATC DU90% & DU100% |
Unit reported as DDD/100 admissions: Ampicillin (136.9), amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (143.3), amikacin (22.4), gentamicin (13.2) |
Nitsch-Osuch et al., 2013 |
| 20. | Questionnaire | Number of patients on medication Frequency of drug use |
*Total neonates: 1580 Gentamicin, n = 354 (22.3%), ampicillin, n = 324 (20.4%), vancomycin, n = 174 (10.9%), cefotaxime, n = 105 (6.6%) |
Grohskopf et al., 2005 |
*
Only data on neonates reported.