Table 2. Causes of acute renal failure .

Reduced circulating volume (60%)	1. Blood loss, excess gastrointestinal losses, burns, low cardiac output, toxic or ischemic myocardial depression 2. Drug induced renal profusion angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) 3. Large vessels e.g. renovasculature disease), small vessel occlusion: disseminated intra-vasculature coagulation; hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
Toxic ATN (5%)	Rhabdomyolysis with urinary myoglobin, Radio contrast nephropathy
Structure abnormality of renal vasculature (15%)	Large vessels e.g. renovascular diseases
Acute glomerulonephritis and vasculitis (15%)	ANCA –positive vacuities, Goodpasture syndrome
Interstitial nephritis (5%)
Myeloma/tubular cast nephropathy (5%)

ANCA= anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody; ATN= acute tubular necrosis