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. 2016 Dec 22;18(1):13. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010013

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Main stages of elderberry extract preparation, partial characterization, and toxicity evaluation; followed by Wistar rat elderberry extract supplementation and biofluid and tissue analysis. NDB: non-diabetic group; DBNS: diabetic group/not supplemented; DBLE: diabetic group/supplemented with lipophilic extract; and DBPE: diabetic group/supplemented with polar extract. UHPLC-MSⁿ: ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS: 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid).