Table 3.

The antioxidant capacities of some foods and medicinal plants.

Category	Varieties Showing Strong Antioxidant Activities	Assessment Method	Reference
antioxidant activities at chemical level
26 spices	oregano, cinnamon stick, clove, cinnamon, sage	Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FCR)	[8]
62 fruits	Chinese date, pomegranate, guava, sweetsop, persimmon, Chinese wampee and plum, grape (red)	TEAC, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), FCR	[11]
24 cereal grains	black rice, red rice, purple rice, buckwheat	TEAC, FRAP, FCR	[12]
49 Edible macro-fungi	Thelephora ganbajun, Boletus edulis, Volvariella volvacea, Boletus regius, and Suillus bovinus	TEAC, FRAP, FCR	[13]
56 vegetables	Chinese toon Bud, loosestrife, perilla leaf, cowpea, caraway, lotus root, sweet potato leaf, soy bean (green), pepper leaf, ginseng leaf, chives, and broccoli	TEAC, FRAP, FCR	[14]
223 medicinal plants	Acanthopanax gracilistylus, Agrimonia pilosa, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Caesalpina sappan, Carthamus tinctorius, Dioscorea bulbifera, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Lonicera japonica (flower), Magnolia officinalis, Mentha haplocalyx, Paeonia lactiflora (red), Polygonum multiflorum (Stem), Polygonum multiflorum (Root), Rhodiola sacra, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Tussilago farfara, Sargentodoxa cuneata	TEAC, FRAP, FCR	[15]
51 edible and wild flowers	Rosa rugosa, Limonium sinuatum, Pelargonium hortorum, Jatropha integerrima and Osmanthus fragrans, Orostachys fimbriatu, Chaenomeles sinensis, Calliandra haematocephala	TEAC, FRAP, FCR	[16]
50 fruit wastes	grape seed, hawthorn peel, longan peel, longan seed, mango peel, Chinese olive peel and sweetsop peel	TEAC, FRAP, FCR	[19]
antioxidant activities at cellular level
27 vegetables	beet, broccoli, and red pepper, eggplant, Brussels sprout, cabbage	cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) based on HepG2 cells	[183]
25 fruits	pomegranate and berries (wild blueberry, blackberry, raspberry, and blueberry)	CAA based on HepG2 cells	[184]
11 Thai pigmented (red and purple) and 2 nonpigmented rice varieties	hawm dowk mali deang (red), hawm deang sukhothai1 (red), hawm deang (red), man pu (red), red rose (red), klam moang (purple), klam chiang mai (purple)	CAA based on HL-60 cells	[185]
13 food legumes	black soybean, black bean, pinto bean, lentil, green pea, yellow soybean	CAA based on human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells	[192]
12 plantago species	P. lanceolata, P. himalaica, P. depressa, P. cornuti, P. jehohlensis	CAA based on HepG2 cells	[193]
seven cultivars of Aloe	Aloe. greenii, Aloe. arborescens	CAA based on HepG2 cells	[194]
five main Phyllanthus emblica L. cultivars	qingyougan, binggan and boligan	CAA based on HepG2 cells	[195]