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. 2017 Jan 10;18(1):120. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010120

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© 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Sources of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. (A) Descriptive diagram outlining the extracellular and intracellular sources of ROS generation. The extracellular sources of ROS are represented by environmental pollutants, radiation exposure, microbial infection, and exposure to engineered Nanoparticles (NPs). Intracellular ROS can be generated from the mitochodria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, cellular-metabolizing enzymes, and the NOX family; and (B) a schematic diagram summarizing the formation of ROS from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and mitochodria and the mechanisms involved in ROS scavenging of ROS. NOX: NADPH oxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; e⁻: electron; GR: glutathione reductase; Cyto-c: cytochrome c; and GSSG: Glutathione disulfide.

Sources of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. (A) Descriptive diagram outlining the extracellular and intracellular sources of ROS generation. The extracellular sources of ROS are represented by environmental pollutants, radiation exposure, microbial infection, and exposure to engineered Nanoparticles (NPs). Intracellular ROS can be generated from the mitochodria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, cellular-metabolizing enzymes, and the NOX family; and (B) a schematic diagram summarizing the formation of ROS from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and mitochodria and the mechanisms involved in ROS scavenging of ROS. NOX: NADPH oxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; e⁻: electron; GR: glutathione reductase; Cyto-c: cytochrome c; and GSSG: Glutathione disulfide.