Table 1.
Cellular proteins modulated by Vpr protein. (+): activation/increase; (−): inhibition/decrease.
| Function | Cellular Protein | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mitochondria/reactive oxigen species (ROS) | ANT | + | [83] |
| VDAC | + | [83] | |
| PMCA | − | [138] | |
| GLUD2 | − | [94] | |
| Glucose metabolism | HK1 | + | [94] |
| Pentose phosphate pathway | G6PDH | + | [94] |
| Glycolysis | GAPDH | − | [94] |
| Stress response | ATR | + | [117] |
| Proteasome | DCAF1 | + | [128] |
| Transcription | NFAT | + | [10] |
| NF-ĸB | +/− | [79]/[39] | |
| C/EBP | + | [79] | |
| AP-1 | + | [79] | |
| HIF-1α | + | [114] | |
| HDAC1 | − | [122] | |
| GR | + | [141] | |
| SP1 | + | [143] | |
| DNA metabolism | SLX4 | + | [66] |
| HLTF | − | [59] | |
| UNG2 | − | [148] |