Table 1.

Compilation of silencing and targeting strategies used for inhibition of malicious exosomes’ biogenesis, exosomes’ uptake by secondary cells, and detection of circulating malicious exosomes.

Approach	Target	Strategy	References
Exosome biogenesis
Multivesicular budding	Hrs, Tsg101, Vps22, and VPs24	Gene knockdown	[173]
	Vps4A/B	RNAi knockdown	[51]
Protein sorting	Arf6	RNAi knockdown	[40]
	Heparanase	Inhibition of activity	[48,51]
	Heparan sulfate structure	Disruption	[48,51]
miRNA sorting	GGAG and UGCA motifs	Mutations	[61]
	Ago2	RNA beacon for endonuclease activity determination	[174]
Endosome movement	Rab5	Point mutation with loss of function	[175]
	Rab7	Protein depletion	[51]
	Rab27a, Slp4	Gene knockdown	[142]
	Rab27a	AuNPs 1 mediated silencing	[117]
Circulating exosomes
	Exosomes from multiple myeloma and MGUS 1	Aggregation indexes of AuNPs 1	[176]
	Exosomes in body fluids	3D gold nanostructures with streptavidin and biotin-Vn96	[177]
	Exosomes in body fluids	Platform with anti-CD9 and anti-CD63 to capture exosomes and AuNPs 1 with CD-81 for detection	[178]
	Exosomes in ascites samples from ovarian cancer patients	Nanohole arrays with AuNPs 1 functionalized with antibodies	[179]
	HDL 3	HDL-like nanoparticles with SR-B1	[180]
Secondary cell uptake
Cell uptake inhibition	SR-B1 located in lipid rafts	HDL-like nanoparticles	[181]
Real-time visualization	Lipid rafts	AuNPs 1 with Sphingolipid binding peptide	[182]
Phagocytosis inhibition	PIk3	PIK3 inhibitors: wortmannin and LY294002	[80]
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis	Dynamin 2	Gene knockdown	[183,184]
	Clathrin-coated pits	Clathrin-coated pits inhibitor: chlorpromazine	[185,186]
Caveolae-mediated endocytosis	Cholesterol-rich microdomains	Cholesterol depletion agents, filipin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and simvastatin	[90,91,187]
	Caveolin-1	Gene knockdown	[188]

¹ AuNPs—Gold nanoparticles; ² MGUS—Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; ³ HDL—High Density Lipoproteins.