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Summary of selected cytokines and growth factors involved in lymphedema.
| Cytokine | Function |
|---|---|
| IFN-γ | Impairs lymphangiogenesis |
| Activates macrophages | |
| IL-1 | Induces DC migration |
| IL-13 | Impairs lymphangiogenesis |
| Promotes M2 macrophage activation | |
| IL-4 | Impairs lymphangiogenesis |
| Promotes M2 macrophage activation | |
| IL-6 | Regulates chronic inflammation |
| Decreases adipose deposition | |
| TGF-β1 | Mediates soft-tissue fibrosis |
| Negatively regulates lymphatic vessel regeneration | |
| VEGF-C | Promotes lymphangiogenesis |
