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. 2017 Jan 18;18(1):188. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010188

Figure 2.

Figure 2

MGO-mediated endothelial insulin-resistance. MGO accumulation causes the reduction of miR-190a. Protein levels of miR-190a target KRAS increased, resulting in the hyperactivation of ERK 1/2. The latter phosphorylates IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) on serine 616 inhibiting its activation and the downstream pathway PI3K/Akt/eNOS. These effects result in the impairment of insulin stimulated NO production by endothelial cells, together with increased ET-1 release. Red ↑: increased molecule levels; red ↓: decreased molecule levels; blue ↓: protein activation; blue ↓↓: protein hyperactivation. KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog).