Table 2.
LncRNAs involved in CRC.
| LncRNA | Locus | Size (kB) | Dysfunction Type | Normal Function | Contribution to Cancer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H19 | Chr11p15.5 | 2.3 | Overexpression | Regulation of growth during development targeting Igf2 | Downregulation of the tumour suppressor RB | [88,89,90] |
| HOTAIR | Chr12q13.3 | 2.2 | Overexpression | Epigenetic silencing of gene expression | Reprogramming of chromatin state and induction of metastatic progression | [91,92] |
| MALAT1 | Chr11q13.1 | 7 | Overexpression | Alternative splicing regulation | Increase of abnormal mitosis, invasion and metastasis and induction of cell death resistance | [93] |
| HULC | Chr6p24.3 | 0.5 | Overexpression | Sponge for miR-372 and indirect upregulation of PKA and activation of CREB | Upregulation of Prkacb (catalytic subunit of PKA) | [94] |
| MEG3 | Chr14q32 | 1.6–1.8 | Downregulation | Tumour suppressor. It activates p53, inhibits cell proliferation and controls gene imprinting | Downregulation of p53, apoptosis inhibition and induction of proliferation | [95] |
| CCAT1 | Chr8q24.21 | 2.6 | Overexpression | Enhancer region for cMYC. Maintenance of the chromatin looping between MYC promoter and its enhancer | Induction of MYC expression and inhibition of G1 arrest. Enhancement cell proliferation and migration | [96,97] |
| CCAT2 | Chr8q24 | 0.4 | Overexpression SNP rs6983267 | Upregulation of MYC and enhancement of WNT signalling pathway through TCF7L2 | Induction of cell proliferation, invasion and chromosomal instability | [98] |
| CRNDE | Chr16:hCG_1815491 | 10 | Overexpression | Scaffold for regulatory complexes | Contribution to Warburg effect. Increase of CRC risk | [99] |
| LOC285194 | Chr3q13.31 | 2.1 | Downregulation | Unknown | Decrease of cell migration and metastasis | [100] |
| OCC-1 | Chr12121.1 | 1.2–1.3 | Overexpression | Unknown | Induction of cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance | [101] |
| lincRNA-p21 | - | 3.1 | Downregulation | Binds to hnRNP-K and repress genes transcriptionally regulated by p53. It is necessary for p53-dependent apoptotic induction but not for cell-cycle arrest | Induction of apoptosis evasion, invasion and enhancement of Warburg effect | [102] |
| LIT1 | Chr11q15.5 | 91 | Loss of imprinting | Organization of a tissue/lineage-specific nuclear domain involved in epigenetic silencing of the Kcnq1 imprinting control region | Unknown | [103] |
| PTENP1 | Chr9q13.3 | 3.9 | Downregulation | Decoy for miRNA targeting PTEN | Reduction of PTEN level and enhancement of cell growth | [104] |
| MYLKP1 | Chr3p12.3 | 106 | Overexpression | Pseudogen | Induction of proliferation | [105] |
| pou5f1p1 (OCT4) | Chr8q24 | 0.4 | Overexpression | Pseudogen | Increased of risk of CRC | [106] |
| UCA1 | Chr19p13.12 | 1.4, 2.2, 2.7 | Overexpression | Embryonic development | Induction of resistance to drug-induced apoptosis | [107] |
| PCAT1 | Chr8p24 | 1.9 | Overexpression | BRCA2 inhibition | Regulation of cell response to genotoxic stress and impairing of DNA damage repair. High levels are associated with poorer survival rate | [108,109,110] |
| PRNCR1 | Chr8p24 | 13 | Overexpression | Binding to the androgen receptor and enhancement of both androgen-receptor-mediated gene activation and proliferation | Increase of cell proliferation | [72,111,112] |
| LET | Chr15q24.1 | 2.3 | Downregulation | Downregulation of hypoxia signalling by decreasing HIF1 stability. Induction of NF90 ubiquitination and Go/G1 arrest | Induction of metastasis | [113] |
| ncRAN | Chr17q25.1 | 2.3 | Overexpression | Unknown | Enhancement of cell migration and invasion | [114] |
| PVT1 | Chr8p24.21 | >300 | Overexpression | Regulation of C-MYC | Anti-apoptotic activity. Increase of cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression | [115,116] |