Figure 3.

Coordinated actions of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in eliminating the toxic ROS and MG under abiotic stress. Dotted lines denote non-enzymatic conversions. R may be an aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic group; X may be a sulfate, nitrite, or halide group. (Ascorbic acid, AsA; glutathione, GSH; glutathione dissulfide, GSSG; superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; MDHA, monodehydroascorbate; monodehydroascorbate reductase, MDHAR; DHA, dehydroascorbate; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; glutathione S-transferase, GST; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; Gly I, glyoxalase I; Gly II, glyoxalase II; SLG, S-D-lactoylglutathione). (Adapted from Hasanuzzaman et al. [4].) Solid arrows indicate enzymatic reactions while dotted arrows indicate non-enzymatic reactions.