Figure 1.

Common bile duct ligation (CBDL) activates the unfolded protein response. (a) Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34), unspliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1u) and spliced XBP1 (XBP1s); (b) Western blot and quantification of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), GADD34, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), (phosphorylated) eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (p)eIF2α, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p)JNK on whole liver lysates. Results are representative of all samples: samples of three to five mice were mixed for blotting and two different pools of the CBDL samples were blotted. β-Tubulin and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were used for normalization. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.