Skip to main content
. 2016 Aug 2;19(2):e12646. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12646

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Glucose availability impacts P. berghei hepatic infection. A. Huh7 cells were infected with luciferase‐expressing P. berghei sporozoites, and the culture medium was replaced 2 hpi by medium with different concentrations of glucose. Parasite load (luminescence) and cell viability were assessed after 48 h. Representative experiment out of two independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation (SD). One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post‐test Dunnett. B. The culture medium of Huh7 cells was replaced by medium with different concentrations of glucose 1 h prior to infection with green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing sporozoites. Cell invasion was quantified by determining the percentage of GFP+ cells 2 hpi by flow cytometry. Representative experiment out of two independent experiments. Error bars represent SD. One‐way ANOVA with post‐test Dunnett. C. Huh7 cells were infected with GFP‐expressing P. berghei sporozoites, and the culture medium was replaced 2 hpi by medium with different concentrations of glucose. Parasite development and the total number of infected cells were assessed by flow cytometry by determining the fluorescence intensity and the number of GFP+ cells at 48 hpi, respectively. Representative experiment out of five independent experiments. Error bars represent SD. One‐way ANOVA with post‐test Dunnett. D. Representative confocal images of Huh7 cells infected with sporozoites and incubated in medium with different concentrations of glucose for 48 h. Cells were immunostained with anti‐UIS4 (red), which localises to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, anti‐heat shock protein (HSP)70 (green), which localises to the parasite's cytoplasm, and Hoechst (blue), a nuclear stain. Scale bar, 10 µm. E. For each glucose concentration, the exoerythrocytic forms in the fluorescence microscopy images acquired were counted, and their area was determined. Exoerythrocytic forms were divided into five different size classes. Pool of two independent experiments. Chi‐square test. ns, not significant; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001.