Table 3.

Quantitative Energy Parameters in Patients Presented with Vortex Ring Core vs. Those without Vortex Ring

	Patients with vortex ring (E‐filling: N = 26, A‐filling: N = 19)	Patients without vortex ring (E‐filling: N = 6, A‐filling: N = 13)	P‐Value
${\dot{\text{EL}}}_{\mathrm{E}-\text{avg}}$ (W/m3)	9.3 [7.5–12.4]a	21.0 ± 11.6a	0.003
${\dot{\text{EL}}}_{\mathrm{A}-\text{avg}}$ (W/m3)b	1.6 ± 1.1c	2.2 ± 0.9a, b	0.04
${\dot{\text{EL}}}_{\mathrm{E}-\text{peak}}$ (W/m3)	17 [13.8–22.5]c	41.8 ± 20.0a	0.001
${\dot{\text{EL}}}_{\mathrm{A}-\text{peak}}$ (W/m3)b	9.4 [6–13.3]a	12.1 ± 5.5a, b	0.16
${\text{EL}}_{\text{diastole}}$ (J/m3)	4.2 ± 1.3a	7.60 ± 2.2a	0.005
${\text{KE}}_{\mathrm{E}-\text{avg}}$ (J/m3)	26.8 [22.8–34.9]d	54.4 ± 31.8a	0.03
${\text{KE}}_{\mathrm{A}-\text{avg}}$ (J/m3)b	19.0 ± 11.4c	25.5 ± 10.1a, b	0.13
${\text{KE}}_{\mathrm{E}-\text{peak}}$ (J/m3)	57.8 ± 0.2d	101.6 ± 59.2c	0.05
${\text{KE}}_{\mathrm{A}-\text{peak}}$ (J/m3)b	24.9 [16.0–40.8]c	34.5 ± 16.2a, b	0.07

^a P < 0.01 compared with controls.

^bTwo patients had no A‐wave and were excluded.

^c P < 0.05 compared with controls.

P > 0.05 compared with controls.