Table 3.

Summary of Sampling of Successful Techniques used to Separate Bacteria from Blood

Description and/or Principle	Whole Blood Flow Rate	Dilution	Recovery Efficiency (%)	Comments	Reference	Manufacturing Costs and Considerations	Time Efficiency per mL of Blood	Possible Points of Application
Centrifugal sedimentation in hollow disk	7,000 µL/min	Undiluted	25–65	Recovery dependent on anticoagulant	This paper	Low cost, single unit	Quick for large volumes	Hospital, point of care
RBC margination in straight channels	15 µL/min	Undiluted	80	High pressures, low flow rates	78,79	Low single channel cost; demonstrated parallel channels	Slow unless massively parallel	Hospital, point of care
Hydrodynamic focusing: channel flow	1 µL/min	1:200	80	High pressures, low flow rates	80	Low single channel cost; but costly parallel channel manufacturing	Slow unless massively parallel	Hospital, point of care
Hydrodynamic focusing: sheath flow	18 µL/min	1:1000	Not reported	Large volumes of fluid	81	Low single channel cost; but costly parallel channel manufacturing	Slow unless massively parallel	Hospital, point of care
Hydrodynamic focusing: Dean circulation	50 µL/min	1:3	65	Low dilution and good recovery	70	Low single channel cost; but costly parallel channel manufacturing	Moderate to fast depending on parallel channels	Hospital, point of care
Lectin on magnetic beads	8,900 µL/min	Undiluted	90	Done with in vivo mouse model	86	Costly beads and lectin coat; simple flow system	Quick for large volumes	Hospital, point of care, field
Bis-Zn-dipicolylamine on magnetic beads	1,000 µL/min	Undiluted	80	Two passes produce ~95% recovery	91	Costly beads; simple flow system	Quick for small volumes	Hospital, point of care, field
Dielectrophoresis	1 µL/min	~1:500	Not reported	May be difficult or costly for parallel systems	119	Expensive equipment	Slow unless massively parallel	Hospital