Table 4. Effect of maternal infections on antibody concentrations among infants at one year of age.
| Hib* | Diphtheria* | Hep B* | Pertussis toxin* | FHA* | Pertactin* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aGMR | 95% CI | aGMR | 95% CI | aGMR | 95% CI | aGMR | 95% CI | aGMR | 95% CI | aGMR | 95% CI | |
| Individual infections model | ||||||||||||
| Malaria | 0.833 | 0.585–1.187 | 0.926 | 0.745–1.151 | 1.296 | 0.938–1.791 | 1.224 | 0.889–1.685 | 1.039 | 0.822–1.313 | 0.886 | 0.703–1.116 |
| S. mansoni | 0.952 | 0.702–1.292 | 1.107 | 0.927–1.321 | 0.993 | 0.765–1.290 | 0.912 | 0.723–1.149 | 0.96 | 0.811–1.137 | 1.032 | 0.892–1.195 |
| Hookworm | 0.974 | 0.789–1.204 | 1.044 | 0.904–1.206 | 1.028 | 0.847–1.247 | 0.934 | 0.758–1.151 | 1.087 | 0.951–1.243 | 1.036 | 0.911–1.178 |
| Filariasis | 1.086 | 0.825–1.428 | 1.009 | 0.864–1.178 | 1.084 | 0.866–1.358 | 0.956 | 0.771–1.185 | 0.961 | 0.826–1.117 | 0.975 | 0.832–1.143 |
| Ascaris | 1.315 | 0.562–3.079 | 1.283 | 0.832–1.980 | 1.109 | 0.552–2.227 | 1.468 | 0.732–2.944 | 1.295 | 0.804–2.086 | 0.975 | 0.631–1.509 |
| Trichuris | 0.684 | 0.475–0.986 | 0.901 | 0.713–1.138 | 0.869 | 0.631–1.195 | 1.042 | 0.746–1.455 | 1.029 | 0.800–1.323 | 0.967 | 0.788–1.187 |
| Strongyloidiasis | 1.514 | 1.110–2.066 | 1.151 | 0.919–1.441 | 1.469 | 1.112–1.940 | 1.41 | 1.055–1.884 | 0.977 | 0.790–1.207 | 1.138 | 0.951–1.361 |
| Number of maternal infections (including malaria) model | P = 0.565 | P = 0.112 | P = 0.251 | P = 0.236 | P = 0.192 | P = 0.840 | ||||||
| None | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| 1 | 0.875 | 0.687–1.114 | 0.908 | 0.770–1.071 | 1.006 | 0.790–1.281 | 0.947 | 0.773–1.160 | 0.913 | 0.791–1.055 | 1.044 | 0.897–1.214 |
| 2 | 1.036 | 0.760–1.412 | 0.957 | 0.793–1.155 | 1.225 | 0.927–1.620 | 0.906 | 0.701–1.169 | 1.053 | 0.891–1.243 | 0.996 | 0.834–1.189 |
| 3 or more | 0.99 | 0.659–1.485 | 1.187 | 0.936–1.507 | 1.28 | 0.881–1.861 | 1.26 | 0.895–1.773 | 1.106 | 0.876–1.397 | 1.09 | 0.858–1.386 |
| Number of helminths model | P = 0.434 | P = 0.638 | P = 0.112 | P = 0.600 | P = 0.278 | P = 0.314 | ||||||
| None | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| Malaria alone | 0.653 | 0.378–1.129 | 0.862 | 0.569–1.307 | 1.15 | 0.564–2.346 | 1.109 | 0.578–2.128 | 1.061 | 0.622–1.812 | 1.151 | 0.750–1.767 |
| + 1 helminth | 0.832 | 0.451–1.535 | 0.83 | 0.595–1.159 | 1.766 | 1.089–2.864 | 1.096 | 0.647–1.854 | 1.279 | 0.850–1.923 | 0.771 | 0.557–1.067 |
| + 2 or more | 0.834 | 0.436–1.594 | 1.02 | 0.688–1.512 | 1.338 | 0.746–2.399 | 1.402 | 0.854–2.302 | 0.803 | 0.593–1.088 | 1.104 | 0.729–1.674 |
| Number of helminths (mothers without malaria) model | P = 0.626 | P = 0.045 | P = 0.411 | P = 0.418 | P = 0.111 | P = 0.880 | ||||||
| None | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
| 1 helminth | 0.887 | 0.678–1.161 | 0.914 | 0.773–1.079 | 1.003 | 0.786–1.279 | 0.933 | 0.747–1.165 | 0.901 | 0.771–1.054 | 1.034 | 0.884–1.209 |
| 2 helminths | 1.063 | 0.759–1.488 | 0.979 | 0.810–1.185 | 1.158 | 0.894–1.500 | 0.877 | 0.676–1.139 | 1.002 | 0.848–1.184 | 1.043 | 0.874–1.246 |
| 3 or more | 1.049 | 0.671–1.641 | 1.291 | 0.997–1.671 | 1.308 | 0.858–1.993 | 1.218 | 0.840–1.766 | 1.291 | 0.945–1.764 | 1.121 | 0.837–1.502 |
* All models were additionally adjusted for randomised treatments, maternal age, gravidity, maternal education, household SES, maternal income, infant sex and previous infant malaria. All reported CIs are computed using bootstrap with a bias-corrected accelerator.