. 2016 Dec 24;17(1):28. doi: 10.3390/s17010028

Table 1.

Physical layer characteristics of the most relevant RFID standards.

Standard	Mode/Type	Communications	Carrier	Modulations	Coding	Main Applications
Standard	Mode/Type	Communications	Frequency	Supported	Schemes	Main Applications
ISO/IEC 11785	FDX/FDX-B	-	134.2 kHz	ASK	DBP	Animal identification
ISO/IEC 11785	HDX	-	134.2 kHz	FSK	NRZ	Animal identification
ISO/IEC 14223	FDX/HDX-ADV	-	134.2 kHz	ASK	PIE	Advanced animal tagging
ISO/IEC 18000-2	Type A	Reader to Tag	125 kHz	ASK	PIE	Smart cards, ticketing, animal identification, factory data collection
	Type A	Tag to Reader	125 kHz	ASK	Manchester, DP
	Type B	Reader to Tag	125 kHz or	ASK	PIE
	Type B	Tag to Reader	134.2 kHz	FSK	NRZ
ISO 21007 (LF)	-	-	125 kHz	ASK	Manchester	Identification of gas cylinders
ISO/IEC 18000-3	Mode 1	Reader to Tag	13.56 MHz	DBPSK	PPM	Smart cards, small item management, libraries, transportation, supply chain, passports, anti-theft
	Mode 1	Tag to Reader	13.56 MHz	DBPSK	Manchester
	Mode 2	Reader to Tag	13.56 MHz	PJM	MFM
	Mode 2	Tag to Reader	13.56 MHz	BPSK	MFM
	Mode 3	Mandatory Mode	13.56 MHz	ASK	PIE
	Mode 3	Optional Mode	13.56 MHz	PJM	MFM
ISO/IEC 15693	-	Reader to Tag	13.56 MHz	ASK	PPM	Vicinity cards and item management
ISO/IEC 15693	-	Tag to Reader	13.56 MHz	ASK or FSK	Manchester	Vicinity cards and item management
ISO/IEC 14443	Type A	Reader to Tag	13.56 MHz	ASK	Modified Miller	Proximity cards, item management
	Type A	Tag to Reader	13.56 MHz	OOK	Manchester
	Type B	Reader to Tag	13.56 MHz	ASK	NRZ
	Type B	Tag to Reader	13.56 MHz	BPSK	NRZ-L
ISO/IEC 18092 (NFC)	A	Reader to Tag	13.56 MHz	ASK	Modified Miller	Near-field communications
	A	Tag to Reader	13.56 MHz	ASK, OOK	Manchester
	B	Reader to Tag	13.56 MHz	ASK	NRZ
	B	Tag to Reader	13.56 MHz	ASK, BPSK	NRZ
	V	Reader to Tag	13.56 MHz	ASK	PPM
	V	Tag to Reader	13.56 MHz	ASK, OOK, FSK	Manchester
ISO 21007 (HF)	-	-	13.56 MHz	ASK	Miller	Identification of gas cylinders
ISO/IEC 18000-7	-	-	433.92 MHz	FSK	Manchester	Container/pallet tracking and security
ISO 18185-5	Type A	Long-range	433 MHz	FSK	Manchester	Electronic seals of freight containers and other supply chain applications
	Type A	Short-range	123–125 kHz	OOK	Manchester
	Type B	Long-range	2.45 GHz	BPSK	Differential
	Type B	Short-range	114–126 kHz	FSK	Manchester
ISO/IEC 18000-6	Type A	Reader to Tag	860–960 MHz	ASK	PIE	Large item management, vehicle identification, supply chain, access/security
	Type A	Tag to Reader	860–960 MHz	ASK	FM0
	Type B	Reader to Tag	860–960 MHz	ASK	Manchester
	Type B	Tag to Reader	860–960 MHz	ASK	FM0
ISO 18000-6C (EPC Class 1 Gen 2)	-	Reader to Tag	860–960 MHz	DSB/SSB/PR-ASK	PIE	Item management, vehicle identification,
ISO 18000-6C (EPC Class 1 Gen 2)		Tag to Reader	860–960 MHz	ASK or PSK	FM0, Miller	supply chain, access/security
ISO 10374	-	-	860–960 MHz,	FSK	Manchester	Identification of freight containers
ISO 10374	-	-	2.45 GHz	FSK	Manchester	Identification of freight containers
ISO/IEC 18000-4	Mode 1	Reader to Tag	2.45 GHz	ASK	Manchester	Road tolls, large item management, supply chain, access/security
	Mode 1	Tag to Reader	2.45 GHz	ASK	FM0
	Mode 2	Reader to Tag	2.45 GHz	GMSK	None
	Mode 2	Tag to Reader	2.45 GHz	DBPSK or OOK	Manchester