Table 8.
Summary of textile electrodes.
| Ref. | Proposition | Electrode Type | Size | Base Material | Conductive Material | Technology | Performance | Contact Resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [131] | Direct attach and Interposer electrode | Active electrode | 20 × 13 mm2 (direct-attach) 11.6 × 11.6 mm2 (Interposer) | Nonwoven Evolon fabrics | Conductive ink (CMI 112-15) | Screen printing, stenciling, curing, and encapsulation | *PSDs for sitting and jogging are close to Ag/AgCl electrodes*Durable upto 5 washing cycles | |
| [136] | Active electrodes on woven textiles | Active electrode | 28 mm × 23 mm (skin contact area) | Woven textile composed of cotton, polyester and Lycra fibers | Silver polymer paste (Fabinks TC-C-4001) | Screen and stencil printing | The printed active and Ag/AgCl electrodes had very similar rms levels after filtering | |
| [138] | 2 textile nanofiber web electrodes | Dry electrode | 9 mm diameter | PVDF Nanofiber Web | Poly (3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) | Electrospinning-vapor phase polymerization | Tested ECG is 95% similar to Ag/AgCl electrodes | ~1000 Ω |
| PVDF Nano fiber Web | Silver | Silver mirror reaction | Tested ECG is ~92% similar to Ag/AgCl electrodes | ~100 Ω | ||||
| [139] | Nano copper loaded poly-propylene based textile electrode | Dry electrode | 4 cm × 6 cm | Polypropylene nonwoven fabric | Copper nanoparticles on fabric | Multiple dip chemical processes | Max conductivity: 142.8 kΩ·m | |
| [143] | 8 types of electro-thread | Dry fabric electrode | 2 × 2 cm2, 2 × 5 cm2 | Polyester 75 denier | Silver thread | Inclusion of one strand or two strands of 50 μm silver thread | 32 kΩ at 120 Hz (for 2 Ag strand based 1300TM polyester fabric) | |
| [141] | Several textile-based electrodes | Dry fabric electrode | 1.5 cm × 3 cm | PU laminated or dry- coated nylon | Copper coating | Sputtering | 5.7 Ω (PU laminated nylon), 10.26 Ω (PU dry-coated nylon). | |
| Ripstop, Mesh fabric | Cu/Ni coating | Electroless Plating | 0.23 Ω/sq (Ripstop), 0.29 Ω/sq (Mesh) | |||||
| 5 cm × 5 cm | Cotton, Steel/cotton | Stainless Steel Filament Yarn | Embroidering or Knitting | R peak detection accuracy: 58.8% and 64.2% | 32.55 Ω/m (linear resistance) | |||
| [142] | Knitted fabric electrodes | Dry electrodes | 20 mm × 20 mm | Wool and polyester | Silver coated nylon, stainless steel yarn, and silver coated copper | Knitting | FFT response of the multifilament electrodes retains ECG spectralcomponents | |
| [144] | Embroidered textile electrode | Wet, moisturized by water vapor using the polyester wetting pad. | 2 cm × 7 cm | Polyethylene terephthalate yarn of 50 μm diameter | Silver and ultra-thin titanium | Coating by plasma sputtering | Similar signal quality and signal strength after 1 h as after 72 h of use |