Table 10.

Summary of textile-based strain sensors.

Ref.	Proposition	Sensing Mechanism	Structure/Base	Sensing Material	Gauge Factor	Stable Strain Range	Demonstrated/Potential Applications
[171]	Textile-structured flexible strain sensor	Contact resistance of fiber/yarn/fabric	Single warp fabric	Carbon fiber	10–200 depending on fiber length	Max 200%	Wearable strain sensor
[172]	Textile-based strain sensor	Contact resistance of conductive fiber loops	Fabric with elastomeric yarns	Silver coated polymeric yarn made loops	0.75	40%	Wearable strain sensor
[168]	Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensor	Piezoresistive	PDMS	Ag nano-walls thin film	2 to 14	70%	Finger movements
[170]	Textile-based strain sensor for monitoring the elbow and knee movements	Piezoresistive	Elastic yarns made from Lycra fiber wrapped with two polyester yarns.	Carbon particles coated polyamide fiber twisted with polyester yarn	~0.3	30%	Flexion angle of elbow and knee movements
[169]	Stretchable strain sensor based on a metal nanoparticle thin film for human motion detection	Piezoresistive	PDMS	Silver nanoparticle	2.5	20%	Finger movements
[175]	Knee’s kinematic monitoring using single optical FBG sensor	Fiber Bragg grating	Optical Fiber	Polymer encapsulated FBG sensor	~0.8	0.04%	Knee, finger movements, HR, RR
[176]	Force sensors based on light pipes in the form of multimode optical fibers made of copolymers.	Loss of light due to deflection of the fiber with force	Multimodal optical fiber	Copolymers containing silicon and polyurethane			Force sensing
[167]	Textile-based MEMS accelerometer	Piezoresistive	Cotton fiber	Silver nanoparticles	7.796 ± 2.835		Motion sensing
[174]	All-polymeric knitted textile strain sensor	Piezoresistive	Commercial Spandex yarn	PU/PEDOT:PSS fibers	0.2 to 1	160%	Knee bending movements