Table 1.

Summary of graphene-based optical fibre sensors.

Detection Mechanism	Material	Optical Fibre Configuration	Analyte	Dynamic Range	Sensitivity	Response Time	Ref.
MZI	GO	PCF MZI	RI	1.33–1.37	212 nm/RIU 130 dB/RIU	-	[70]
MZI	G	PCF MZI	RI	1.38–1.43	17.5 dB/RIU	-	[69]
MZI	G	2-arms MZI	Ammonia	40–360 ppm	~6 pm/ppm	0.4 s	[68]
SPR	Cu + rGO/PMMA	Uncladded MMF	Ammonia	10–100 ppm	~1 nm/ppm	-	[94]
SPR	Ag + rGO/CNT/PMMA	Uncladded MMF	Methane	10–100 ppm	0.33 nm/ppm	-	[93]
LSPR	GOE-Au NPs	Uncladded MMF	RI	1.34–1.38	2.288 ΔA/RIU	-	[97]
LSPR	GOE-Ag NPs	Uncladded MMF	RI	1.34–1.38	0.940 ΔA/RIU	-	[98]
Bragg wavelength	rGO	Etched FBG	Strain and Temperature	-	5.5 pm/μє 33 pm/°C	-	[113]
Bragg wavelength	rGO	Etched FBG	NO2	0.5–3 ppm	-	6 to 20 min	[143]
Bragg wavelength	APBA-rGO	Etched FBG	Glucose	1 nM–10 mM			[109]
Bragg wavelength	Dendrimers-GO	Etched FBG	Lectin Con A	500 pM	-	-	[114]
Bragg wavelength	antiCRP-GO	Etched FBG	CR Protein	0.01–100 mg/L	6.3 pm/CRP magnitude order	-	[111]
Bragg wavelength	p-doped G	D-shaped polymer FBG	Erythrocyte	-	1 pm/ppm	-	[144]
Bragg power at 1557 nm	GO	Tilted FBG	Relative Humidity	10%–80%HR	0.129 dB/%RH	-	[115]
Bragg wavelength	PMMA-G	MFBG	Ammonia	0–100 ppm	6 pm/ppm	-	[116]
Absorption	GO	Tapered MMF	Aqueous Ethanol	-	-	20–30 s	[129]
Reflectance	GO	Tapered MMF	Aqueous Ethanol	5%–80%	0.02–0.0275 ∆R/∆C 1	19–25 s	[130]
Absorption	GO	Tapered MMF	Aqueous Ethanol	5%–40%	0.829 ∆A/∆C 1	15–40 s	[127,128]
Absorption	GO	U-bent MMF	Aqueous Ethanol	5%–100%	0.44–0.0925 ∆A/∆C 1	1–2 s	[131]
Absorption	GO, rGO	CRMMF	Ethanol, methanol, ammonia	0–500 ppm	0.26, 0.2 and 0.32 counts/ppm	-	[132]
Absorption	Graphene/PANI	Side-polished MMPF	ammonia	0%–1% vol.	4.1 ∆A/∆vol. 1	24–71.8 s	[145]
Absorption	GO-rGO	POF	VOCs	-	-	-	[133]
Absorption	rGO	Side-polished SMF	Temperature	−7.8–77 °C	0.134 dB·°C−1	-	[123]
Absorption	rGO	Tapered SMF	Temperature	30–80 °C	0.1018 dB·°C−1	-	[122]
Absorption	rGO	Side-polished SMF	Humidity	70%–95% RH	0.31 dB/%RH	0.13% RH/s	[126]
Absorption	GO	Tapered POF	Glucose	1%–40% vol.	-	-	[134]
Absorption	Graphene	Tapered MMF	DS-DNA	5–400 μM	0.0475 ∆A/μM	<30 s	[135]
Absorption	GO	HB fibre	UV light	2–4 mW	~0.12 ∆A/mW	-	[124]
Absorption	MB-rGO	Tapered SMF	UV light	0.03–12.77 mW	~0.235 dB/mW	-	[125]
Fluorescence	prGO	Etched MMF	Cd2+ ions, DA, ssDNA	-	-	-	[142]

¹ where R is sensor reflectance in %, A is the sensor absorbance in %, and C is the aqueous ethanol concentration in %.