Table 4.

Results of the multilevel analysis of the factors related to the use of maternal health services among the poor rural populations of Zambia.

Variables	Adjusted odds ratios (CI)
	Characteristics	Antenatal care at least four times (FANC)	Skilled attendance at delivery	Postnatal care
Fixed effects
Individual variables
Age	15–24	1	1	1
	24–40	1.78 (1.13–2.81)*	0.81 (0.50–1.31)	1.42 (0.77–2.61)
	41–54	4.04 (1.52–10.78)*	1.69 (0.58–4.94)	2.09 (0.53–8.25)
Marital status	Not married	1	1	1
	Married	1.43 (0.84–2.44)	0.97 (0.54–1.77)	0.69 (0.35–1.39)
Ever attended school	No	1	1	1
	Yes	3.47 (0.48–24.98)	2.28 (0.27–19.44)	0.13 (0.02–1.84)
Literacy	Cannot read at all	1	1	1
	Only parts	1.12 (0.53–3.86)	2.73 (1.23–6.18)**	1.34 (0.52–3.45)
	Whole sentence	1.21 (0.65–2.38)	1.29 (0.68–2.44)	1.63 (0.72–3.68)
Took HIV test	No	1	1	1
	Yes	5.73 (2.09–15.77)**	2.21 (1.70–4.93)*	6.18 (1.20–28.16)*
Received HIV test results	No	1	1	1
	Yes	0.38 (0.16–0.91)*	1.98 (0.75–5.27)	0.65 (0.19–2.20)
Received intermittent preventive treatment 2	No	1	1	1
	Yes	3.62 (2.10–6.21)***	1.56 (0.93–2.64)	0.69 (0.34–1.395)
ANC1 with skilled personnel	No		1	1
	Yes		4.48 (2.38–8.43)***	2.42 (1.40–5.62)*
ÀNC4	No		1	1
	Yes		1.05 (0.62–1.77)	0.87 (0.44–1.72)
Delivery at a health facility	No			1
	Yes			17.42 (4.67–54.95)***
Skilled birth attendance	No			1
	Yes			9.48 (4.42–20.34)***
Community (SA) level variables
Type of residence	Remote rural	1	1	1
	Central rural	0.73 (0.34–1.54)	2.57 (1.07–6.50)*	0.88 (0.33–2.36)
Ratio of health facilities to population in the SA	Up to 10,000	1	1
	>10,000	1.02 (0.57–1.81)	0.93 (0.45–1.93)	1.50 (0.69–3.25)
Random effects
Community (SA) random variance (SE)		0.245 (0.16)	0.544 (0.28)	0.428 (0.29)
Community (SA) VPC (%)		7	14	12

SA, supervisory area; VPC, variance partition coefficients.

*P < 0.05.

**P < 0.01.

***P < 0.001.