Table 4.

Standardized Direct and Indirect Effects on Aggression (Results from Bootstrapping Analysis)

Effect Pathway	Direct β (95% CI)	Indirect β (95% CI)
PTSD → Hostility → Aggression	.24 (.15 to .34)	.06 (.03 to .08)
Atrocities → Aggression	.12 (.01 to .24)	.11 (.06 to .16)
Atrocities → PTSD → Aggression		.05 (.02 to .08)
Atrocities → Hostility → Aggression		.02 (−.01 to .05)
Atrocities → Guilt → PTSD → Aggression		.02 (.01 to .04)
Atrocities → PTSD → Hostility → Aggression		.01 (.00 to .02)
Atrocities → Guilt → PTSD → Hostility → Aggression		.01 (.00 to .01)
Combat Exp → Aggression	−.07 (−.19 to .04)	.19 (.10 to .27)
Combat Exp → Atrocities → Aggression		.09 (.01 to .17)
Combat Exp → PTSD → Aggression		.00 (−.02 to .03)
Combat Exp → Hostility → Aggression		.01 (−.02 to .04)
Combat Exp → Atrocities → PTSD → Aggression		.03 (.01 to .06)
Combat Exp → Guilt → PTSD → Aggression		.01 (−.00 to .02)
Combat Exp → Atrocities → Hostility → Aggression		.01 (−.01 to .04)
Combat Exp → PTSD → Hostility → Aggression		.00 (−.01 to .01)
Combat Exp → Atrocities → Guilt → PTSD → Aggression		.02 (.01 to .03)
Combat Exp → Atrocities → PTSD → Hostility → Aggression		.01 (.00 to .01)
Combat Exp → Guilt → PTSD → Hostility → Aggression		.00 (−.00 to .01)
Combat Exp → Atrocities → Guilt → PTSD → Hostility → Aggression		.00 (.00 to .01)

Note. Significant effects (as determined by 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals) are bolded. Combat Exp = combat exposure, PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.