Table 1.

Differences in controlling behaviours and technology facilitated abuse by country

	Brazil (N = 280)	England (N = 223)	P	OR (95% CI)
Controlling behaviours (7 items)
Try to keep her/him from seeing her/his friends	56 (20.0%)	20 (9.0%)	<0.001	0.39 (0.23, 0.68)
Try to restrict contact with her/his family of birth	19 (6.8%)	5 (2.2%)	0.018	0.31 (0.12, 0.86)
Insist on knowing where she/he is at all times	88 (31.5%)	53 (23.8%)	0.054	0.68 (0.45, 1.01)
Ignore her/him and treat her/him indifferently	57 (20.5%)	82 (36.8%)	<0.001	2.25 (1.51, 3.36)
Get angry if she/he speaks with another man	103 (36.9%)	53 (23.8%)	0.002	0.53 (0.36, 0.79)
Am often suspicious that she/he is unfaithful	86 (30.8%)	83 (37.2%)	0.132	1.33 (0.92, 1.93)
Expect her/him to ask your permission before seeking health care for herself/himself	23 (8.2%)	2 (0.9%)	<0.001	0.10 (0.02, 0.43)
At least one controlling behaviour perpetrated	184 (65.9%)	143 (64.1%)	0.670	0.92 (0.63, 1.33)
Number of controlling behaviour items [mean (SD)]	1.54 (1.57)	1.38 (0.09)	0.122	0.79 (0.65, 0.95)
Technology facilitated abuse (4 items)
Use text messages, phone, etc. to call her/him names, harass her/him or put her/him down	22 (7.9%)	38 (17.1%)	0.001	2.42 (1.39, 4.23)
Use mobile technology to check where she/he is	15 (5.4%)	13 (5.8%)	0.818	1.09 (0.51, 2.35)
Check her/his text messages without her/his permission	42 (15.0%)	46 (20.6%)	0.099	1.47 (0.93, 2.34)
Threaten her/him via text, email or over social media	10 (3.6%)	15 (6.8%)	0.103	1.96 (0.86, 4.44)
Any technology facilitated abuse	57 (20.4%)	73 (32.7%)	0.002	1.90 (1.27, 2.85)
Number of technology facilitated abuse items [mean (SD)]	0.32 (0.75)	0.82 (0.07)	0.014	1.15 (0.73, 1.80)

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.